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SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION - Coggle Diagram
SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
INPUT HYPOTHESIS/ MONITOR MODEL
MONITOR HYPOTHESIS
A learner’s learned system acts like a monitor to what they are producing i.e. the acquired system is able to produce spontaneous speech, the learned system is used to check what is being spoken
NATURAL ORDER
All learners acquire a language in roughly the same order. This theory is proven in children acquiring first language; however, order of acquisition for second-language learners is much less consistent.
INPUT HYPOTHESIS
The learners improve and progress along the natural order when they receive second language input that is one step beyond their current stage of linguistic competence.
If the learner is at the stage “i”, then acquisition takes place when she is exposed to “comprehensible input” that belongs to level “i + 1”.
ACTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS
Certain emotions, such as self-doubt, boredom, and anxiety interfere with the process of acquiring a second language.
ACQUISITION-LEARNING HYPOTHESIS
ACQUISITION
It’s a natural, intuitive, and subconscious process of which individuals don’t need to be aware. When one acquires a new knowledge, one generally doesn’t realize.
It requires meaningful interaction in the target language and the acquirer is focused on meaning rather that form
LEARNING
It’s a conscious process. New knowledge is presented consciously in the learner’s mind (e.g. language rules and grammar).
Instead of learning the language, students learn an abstract, conceptual model of a language (a theory about a language)
THEORIST: STEPHEN KRASHEN
CRITICISM
a degree of separation between acquisition and learning that has not been proven to exist.
Unfalsifiable
HUMANISM
In teaching language, the whole being, emotional, and social need to be engaged in learning, not just the mind.
If the students don't have the physiological needs, they most likely will not be able to study properly
THEORIST: ABRAHAM MASLOW
CRITICISM
it reduced capacity for experimental research,
it lacks of methods for treating of different mental health problems
it causes disagreement on the basic humanist assumption of inherent human goodness
UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR/ INNATIST
THEORIST: NOAM CHOMSKY
There are certain sets of structural rules are innate to humans, independent of sensory experience
If human beings are brought up under normal conditions, then they will always develop language with certain properties (e.g. distinguishing function words from content words)
SUPPORT
The presence of creole language (a language that develops from a mix of many different languages into a new one over a brief period of time; for example, slaves that spoke different languages will develop a creole).
BEHAVIORISM
THEORISTS
B.F. SKINNER
WATSON
Language is an activity a child acquires with external force; child learns whatever his environment teaches him.
Language learning is habit formation and shaped by conditioned behavior
CRITICISM
It doesn’t account for free will and internal influences (character, mood, mind).
It doesn’t explain why children can recognize pattern in language (e.g. saying “foots” instead of “feet)
It doesn’t account for free will and internal influences (character, mood, mind).
The Operant Conditioning was only successfully implemented in non-human animals.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
JEAN PIAGET's COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVISM
it supports children to explore their world and discover knowledge
VYGOTSKY's SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
it establishes opportunities for children to learn with teacher, parents, or more skilled peers