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CATTLE: CARDIORESP., CATTLE CARDIOLOGY, ASD well tolerated in cows -…

- - - - Calf diphtheria
      - Laryngeal Chondritis
      - IBR
      - Sinusitis (frontal > maxillary)
      - Rhinitis (infectious or allergic)
  - - - Aetiology - poor hygiene
        
        Bucket fed calves
        
        Erupting teeth
      - CS: drooling, halitosis, pyrexia
      - Dx: Necrotic ulcerative lesions around the TEETH and mucosa of cheecks
    - - Severe inspiratory dyspnoea (inflammation)
        
        cough and pyrexia
        
        Pharyngeal swelling (painful)
        
        Necrotic lesions visible on arytenoid cartilages (kissing lesions)
    - - Systemic ABs
        
        TMPS, PenStrep, Tetracycline
      - Laryngeal form :arrow_right: NSAIDs
      - Bucket hygiene!!
  - - - Texel rams / Suckler calves
      - Dosing injuries
    - - Poor prognosis
      - Steroids & ABs (lincomycin - cascade - good penetration of area)
      - Tracheostomy
  - - - 1.1: Resp & conjunctival (Predominant strain)
      - 1.2: Reproductive (pustular vulvovaginitis)
      - encephalitis and neonatal forms
    - - Nose-to-Nose transmission
        
        aerosol and secretions (semen)
        
        fomites (people)
      - Virus multiplies in URT
        
        URT destruction - cilia destroyed
        
        Systemic
        
        Abortion
        
        Encephalitis
    - - BRD
      - MCF
      - BVD/MD
      - Photosensitisation
      - Allergic rhinitis
    - - ABs (secondary infectons)
      - NSAIDs
      - Strict biosecurity
      - Vaccination
    - - 1) Bioexclusion (replacements)
        2) Culling/Isolation (not practical if endemic)
        3) Vaccination
      - Investigation
        
        Bulk milk ELISA
        
        If :check: - sample population from herd for prevalence
        
        control depends on prevalence o(option 1, 2 or 3)
      - VACCINE
        
        Marker Vaccine
        
        differentiates between vaccinated and infected animals
        
        different serology results
        
        IgB(+) IgE(-) = vac
        
        both = infection
        
        AI stations will NOT take any AB+ bulls (vaccine induced or not)
        
        NEVER vaccinate an AI bull
        
        Biosecurity vital when rearing pedigree bulls
        
        Live vs Inactive
        
        Live = protection in 2 weeks
        Inactive = 6 weeks
        
        Live Intranasal = 4 days
        Live IM = 2 weeks
        
        Protocols
        
        Naïve herd in the face of an outbreak
        
        Live IN followed by IM
        
        Endemically affected herds
        
        Inactive or live
        
        Feedlots
        
        Live IN
- - - - Seasonal - often occurs with PI-3 (less pathogenic)
        
        Both damage mucociliary escalator and cilia of LRT
        - 2 bact inf.
      - Transmission - aerosol/direct
      - all ages affected and can lead to severe pneumonia
    - - ABs for 2 bact inf.
      - Anti-inflammatories
        
        anti-pyrexic & reduce tissue damage and fibrosis
      - Higher mortality rate than PI-3 or IBR
      - Vaccine - Bovilis Bovipast RSP
        
        Inactivated BRSV, PI3, M.haemolytica
        
        used in claves 2+ weeks
        Immunity @ 8 weeks
        2 doses 3 weeks apart
        
        Other vaccines
        
        Rispoval intranasal
        
        BRSV & PI3
        
        follow up with IM
        
        Rispoval 3
        
        BRSV, PI3, BVD
        
        protection @ 6m
  - - - Commensal in URT
      - Shipping fever when established in the lungs (stress induced)
        - 2 weeks post arrival
      - Seasonal (transport/marts/weaning)
        
        6m-2y/o
      - Produces leukotoxin
      - Development of Fibrinous pneumonia
      - Serous nasal discharge to start, followed by mucopurulent
        (sign of chronicity)
      - SUDDEN DEATH
        
        peracute pasturellosis
      - Treatment
        
        ABs
        (florfenicol/oxytet..)
        
        NSAIDs or Dex
        (careful of immunosup.)
    - - Primary or Secondary invader
      - Transmission - respiratory/urogenital secretions
      - Bronchopneumonia & Fibrinous pleuritis
      - Vascular endothelial damage
        
        myocarditis/sudden death
        
        thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)
      - Treatment
        
        ABs (broad spec)
        
        No vaccine
    - - Severe Fibrinous pneumonia
      - High mortality
      - Assoc. with joint swelling & head tilt
        
        Resp dz
        
        Mastitis
        
        Arthritis
        
        Ocular lesions
        
        Repro dz
      - Dx - nasal swab cultures, BAL, PM
      - Treatment
        
        prolonged ABs (1-3 wks)
        
        NSAIDs - avoid steroids due to M.bovis immunosuppressive effects
        
        No vaccine available
      - M. dispar
        
        Cuffing pneumonia
        
        chronic cough in house cattle
        
        ill thrift, low mortality
    - - "Husk, Hoose"
      - 2 types of presentations
        
        Naïve/patent infection
        
        severe resp dz & coughing
        
        Re-infection syndrome
        (acute larval migration syndrome)
      - LC
        
        L1 coughed up, swallowed and excreted
        
        L1-3 in faeces
        
        L3 in grass and ingested (molts to L4)
        
        L4 migrated via lymph to lungs and matures to adults
      - Diagnosis
        
        Faecal sample (larvae)
        
        BAL (adults)
        
        eosinophilia good indicator
        
        Antibody ELISA (adults)
      - Treatment
        
        ABs + NSAIDs
        
        Dry stock - Levamisole, Fenbendazole, Ivermectins
        
        Milking cows - Eprinomectin
      - Reinfection Syndrome
        
        immunity develops after natural exposure or vaccination (lasting 6m)
        
        local immunity in GIT prevents larval migration to lungs (immunity to Reinfection)
        
        local immunity in lungs stops larvae maturing (immunity to Maturation)
        
        Immunity to Reinfection wanes faster than Maturation
        
        If cows exposed to high worm burden
        
        reinfection immunity has waned but maturation persists
        
        larvae migrate to lungs but are killed
        (LC not completed - negative faecal sample)
        
        CS
        mild/severe
        
        Acute resp distress 2 weeks after pasture change
        
        milk drop (can persist for months)
        
        Coughing, wheezing, tachypnoea
        
        Profuse D+
      - Control
        
        Protect grazing cattle with
        
        Antihelminthics
        
        Vaccine
        
        Allow some immunity to develop though exposure
        
        Dose 8wks post turnout
        
        Grazing Management
        
        Calves on 'safe pasture'
        
        :red_cross: NOT on grass grazed by calves previous year
        
        :red_cross: DO NOT run calves with or follow older cattle
        
        Monitor
        
        CS and routine FECs in summer
        
        Vaccine - Huskvac
        
        Oral route
        
        Irradiated L3 larvae
        
        Dose replacements @ housing and @ 4wks post turnout
        
        dose before turned out with dairy cows
  - - - caused by change to after-grass (beef breeds)
      - Low morbidity , moderate mortality
      - Tryptophan => breaks down to pneumotoxin 3-MI causing resp. epithelial and endothelial damage
      - Acute bovine PULMONARY OEDEMA & EMPHYSEMA
        
        Oedema, hyaline membranes, alveolar epi hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema
      - ACUTE dyspnoea,
        
        :red_cross: fever or cough,
        
        crackles,
        
        subcutaneous emphysema,
        
        short course
        
        DDx: Lungworm / BRSV
      - Treatment
        
        NSAIDs / steroids
        
        Diuretics
        
        Antihistamines (not licenced)
      - Prevention
        
        Grazing management
        
        gradual introduction, strip grazing
        
        Reduce 3MI levels => monensin / lasalocid (not EU)
    - - older cows (chronic form of farmers lung)
        
        repeated episodes of lung damage
      - Harsh non-productive cough
        
        bright and afebrile
        
        No pain on percussion (cf CSB)
        
        harsh lung sounds
        
        PHT => RSCHF (diagnostic factor)
      - Treatment
        
        Poor prognosis - salvage
        
        Steroids
    - - Housed adult cattle
      - HYPERSENSITIVITY to dusts and fungi
        (cellular & humeral response)
      - Afebrile
        
        milk drop
        
        cough
        
        no thoracic pain (cf. CSB)
        
        wheezes and crackles
      - Dx: health of famer, epidemiology, CE, serum tests for allergens
        
        DDx: DFA, CSB
      - Treatment
        
        steroids
        
        improve ventilation & reduce exposure to dust
- - - - Incomplete recovery from past penumonia
      - CS: weight loss, purulent nasal discharge, chronic cough, intermittent fever, thoracic pain on percussion
      - Tx: poor prognosis (salvage)
        
        long course of ABs