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conformity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - volunteer sample of students - 'emotionally stable' after testing
        
        randomly assigned to either being a prisoner or guard
        
        prisoners arrested, strip searched and given a uniform and number
        
        prisoners daily routine were regulated
        
        16 rules to follow enforced by guards
        
        guards worked shifts three at a times
        
        never used prisoners names
        
        also in uniform with handcuffs keys and mirror shades
        
        1 more item...
  - - - causing physical and psych harm to prisoners so had to be stopped after 6 days rather than 14
    - - ripped uniforms, shouted
        
        guards retaliated with fire extinguishers
        
        after they became depressed and anxious
        
        one reseased on first day due to psych disturbance
        
        two released on day 4
        
        another went on hunger strike and was force fed and left in a small closet - 'the hole'
        
        was actually rejected by the group after
    - - began playing prisoners against eachother
      - harassed them constantly to remind them they were being monitored
        
        frequent head counts
      - punished even minor rule breaking
  - - - shown by the picking of pts - psych tested and randomly assigned a role
        
        rules out individual personality differences
        
        increases internal validity
        
        more confidence drawing conclusions from about the effect of roles on behaviour
    - - Banuazizi and Mohavedi (1975) said pts only play acting rather than conforming to role
        
        performance based on stereotypes
        
        one guard said they based their behaviour on the film 'Cool Hand Luke'
      - HOWEVER
        
        situation real to pts
        
        90% prison conversations based upon prison life
        
        prisoner 416 said he thought the prison was real but ran by psychologists
        
        shows that it was real to the pts giving the study high internal validity
    - - Fromm (1973) said power of situation exaggerated and roles of personality minimised
        
        only 1/3 guards = brutal
        
        suggests the conclusion that pts were conforming to social roles = over stated
        
        the difference in the guards behaviour shows they had the choice of how to act so wasn't the situation hat made them react the way they did
        
        1/3 applied rules fairly
        
        others sympathised with prisoners offering them cigarettes
    - - Zimbardo played a duel role in the study
        
        when a pts wanted to leave they came to him and he responded as a superintendent running a prison rather than running and experiment
        
        this meant he didnt live up to his responsibility of keeping ethical standards
        
        for welfare and right to withdraw he should have only played on role
        
        doesnt critise the findings but is a negative for the procedure
- - - - one had the 'standard line' on it
        
        asked whch line matched the standard
      - the other had 'comparison lines one of three being the same length as the standard and the others clearly wrong
    - - each tested individually in a group of 6-8 confederates
        
        first trials they gave the correct answers but then began to make errorsbut gave the same wrong answer
      - 18 trials with 12 critical trials where the wrong answer was given
  - - - showing the extent to which pts conform when the situation is unambiguous
  - - - whether size more important than agreement
        
        3 confederates conformity to wrong answer was 32%
        
        more confederates made little difference
        
        shows that small majority is not sufficent
        
        but also no need for a majority of more than 3
    - - presence of other non-conforming person would effect conformity
        
        confederate that disagreed with the others but still some times right and others wrong
        
        conformity reduced by 25%
        
        presence of another dissenter allows a person to act more independantly
        
        shows the influence of the majority depends on its unaminity
    - - made standard line and comparison lines more similar
        
        found that conformity increased
        
        shows ISI has more of an influence when task harder
        
        more ambiguous situation so look for guidance from others assuming they are right
  - - - perrin and spencer (1980) repeated original study with engineer students
        
        only one student conformed out of 396 trials
        
        could be due to engineering students being more confident about measuring lines or that the 1950's were a more conformist time in America so more NSI
        
        however society has chnaged so it is likley especially with the results of this study that we are less conformist today.
        
        this is a limitation because it means the Asch effect is not consistant accross situations or times
        
        this means it is not fundamental of human behaviour
    - - knew they were taking part in a study
        
        denand character istcis
        
        cant generalise to everyday situations
        
        especially for situations where the consequences for conformity are higher
      - identifying lines = trivialso no reason to conform
      - Fiske (2014) groups werent very groupy as they didnt represent groups in ral life
    - - only men tested by Asch
        
        later research = women more conformist as more concerned about social re;lationships (NSI) - Neto (1995)
        
        conformity levels sometimes higher
        
        may be because this only applies for american men showing that the research lacks ecological validity
      - all from US = individualist culture
        
        later research on collectivist culture suggests they are more conformist as they are orientants to group needs
    - - pts had to answer out loud to a group of strangers so conformity may have been higher than usual
        
        sogon (1984) conformity higher when majority if the group were friends
        
        although there were variations there is still some issues with his procedure leaing to confounding vaiables
        
        cant have an accurate view of the real levels of conformity = unjustified conclusions
        
        less valid
- - - - asked pts who rated math ability at poor to answer math problems
        
        found conformity higher with more difficult problems
        
        shows that people conform when they dont know the answer which is what the ISI explanation predicted
        
        increasing the validity of the explanation
  - - - those who have a need for association are kown as nAffilators
        
        McGhee and Teevan (1967) people like this are more likley to conform
        
        shows the desire to be liked effecting conformity is more suited to some more than others
        
        therefore there are individual differences making the explanation lack ecological validity
  - - - E.G. Asch found conformity reduced when there was a disenting pts.
        
        reduce NSI due to social support
        
        cant be sure when each one it at workeven more so when outside of a lab
        
        leads to doubt over whether they both operate independently upon conforming behaviour
        
        reduce ISI due to there being another source of information
  - - - ISI assumes we all feel the need to perceive reality correctly which is why we look to others
        
        however this shows that it is not the case for everyone
        
        undermining a key assumption of the explanation lowering its validity