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Causes of the Cold War, The long telegram (feb 1946) George Kennan send a…
Causes of the Cold War
The soviet communist ideological and territorial expansion in Europe forced the USA to adopt a defensive stance
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The long telegram (feb 1946) George Kennan send a telegram in which he stated the ussr where heavily armed and determined to spread communism. Therefore it was unlikely peaceful co-existence would happen.
The Soviet Union responded to the long telegram with the novikov telegram (sept 1946) they warned that the USA wanted worl domination this meant as a result the ussr would have to secure a buffer zone in east Europe
Thruman doctrine (12 march 1947)
Truman made a speech where he stated that the USA would provide military or economic aid to any country taking a stance against communism Truman ordered $400 billion of aid to both Greece and turkey government against the soviet forces
as well as supporting the dispatch of American civilian and military personnel and equipment.
The soviets responded to America’s economic aid by creating cominform (sept 1947) this was the communist information bureau they published there own newspaper and held conferences in the eastern block.
this aimed to tighten soviet control and creat a trade network between communist countries
Truman was concerned about Europe and the spread of communism so George Marshall recommmed making the Marshall plan 1948 where they spent $12 billion to the help the economy’s of Western Europe this was a effective properganda tool
Great Britain recieved $3,150 million
France received $2,7 million
In reaction to the ecomic aid pacts America’s where doing the ussr created Comecon in (January 1949) this administered ecomic aid to eastern bloc countries Czech, Hungary and Poland and Romania all joined.
The great alliances
Stalin priorities lay in ensuring Eastern Europe would stay within a soviet sphere of influence he also thought the dismemberment of Germany was not in soviet key interests
Roosevelt wanted a non communist future he cooperated with Stalin on a certain level but he naivety made he underestimate the Ussr security needs
Church hill knew that Stalin’s intention was soviet expansionism he believed that Russia would threaten Britain’s imperial interests
Potsdam conference july-august 1945. Truman hoped that America’s threat of nuclear weapons would ensure soviet peace he was worried about the rise of communist leaders
Stalin saw America as a rival thus he increased importance of his red army liberations and pro communist regimes in the states. He wanted the states to have similar political and economic systems to the ussr to create unity and security
Yalta conference February 1945. Roosevelt and Churchill wanted collective security reliant on the United Nations however ussr wanted to control there own destiny
Roosevelt and Churchill also wanted Long term cooperation with the ussr
they also wanted the right to national self govern and no sphere of influence however Stalin argued that ussrs secruity was dependant on the sphere of influence
They also wanted the reconstruction of Germany and re education as a democratic nation whereas Stalin wanted Germany to remain weak for the indefinite future as well as the Soviet Union receiving economic reconstruction as the expense of the ussr.
Soviet Union was run by a dictator who put the needs of the states before human rights, it was a oppressive nation with rigged elections where as America was a capitalist democracy who valued freedom and feared communism. America wanted world trade whereas soviets wanted to benefit from there own resources both countries where powerful and wanted to spread there ideologies.
A pro Stalin Lublin government was established in Poland this was used as political control then in June 1945 a provisional government of national unity was established this had both ends of the political spectrum, Stalin would allow free party elections but had a clear intent of result of the elections.
Poland was led by peasant party to weaken this the communists strengthen there own links with the polish socialists thus merging the two groups together, the communists become the dominant presence. In 1948 wladyshaw was replaced by pro Stalinist Beirut thus making Poland safely under soviet control
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Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary In Romania the communists where popular as they offered a alternative post war regime also the red army had occupied Romania
in Bulgaria Stalin manlupited elections and removed any opponents the strongest political opponent. Petkov who won 20% of the vote was executed.
in Hungary the communists allied with other political groups however Hungary did not show degree of loyality Stalin wanted they formed close links with Yugoslavia where a non communists regime was in place. Rajik the communist leader was executed in 1949 however by that time all political opposition to communism had ended.
Germany was to be divided into 4 power zones, each section would be controlled by either France Britain USSR and the USA. berlin was to be split into smaller zones.
Ussr also agreed to aid in war against japan as they would get half of the southern Sakhalin islands plus economic rights in Manchuria.
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by Potsdam the USSR had extended its control over mostly central and eastern Europe and communist officials where put into local gov
5 million Germans where expelled from Poland by the USSR
this worried America and Britain
1948, 60 Red Army divisions remained in Europe to act as a policing force over satellite states and acted as an enforcer for communist regime
pro-communist governments were set up in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania
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