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Great Powers in the Middle East - Coggle Diagram
Great Powers in the Middle East
Britain and France
Aims
Securing oil supplies
Promoting the state of Israel
Controlling Mandates
Supporting the actions of the US
Controlling the Suez Canal
Actions
Granted Mandates in the Treaty of Versailles - Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Palestine
1921 Britain gave France permission to invade Syria and dethrone Faisal
1915 McMahon-Hussein letters, 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1917 Balfour Declaration
Helped arm the Zionists against Palestinians in 1936-9 Arab Revolt
Abandoned Palestine for the UN in 1947 - accepted the state of Israel
Controlled Egypt though not officially a Mandate
Suez Crisis - tried to take power off Nasser but failed - persuaded Israel to invade Egypt and were only minor powers after the failure of this
Aided in the 1991 UN coalition to invade Kuwait
2003 - Britain and the US invaded Iraq
Were they successful?
No - lost Mandates
No - lost the initial level of control they had over oil supplies
Suez Canal was nationalised
Yes - Israel remains to this day and is militarily undefeated
Yes - Part of the UN (US) Coalition in both Gulf Wars
LoN/UN
Aims
Promoting the state of Israel
Giving over areas of the Middle East to European powers to promote stability
Peacekeeping
Events
Treaty of Versailles 1919 Mandates
Partition Plan 1947 voted on by UN
Helped negotiate a peace treaty at end of First Arab Israeli War
Force put between Egypt and Israeli border
Suez crisis 1956 - sent peacekeeping force and persuaded Britain and France to withdraw
Withdrew from Sinai on Nasser's orders starting the 6 Day War
Helped negotiate a peace with UN Resolution 242
1973 - negotiated a peace at the end of the conflict
UN sanctions imposed on Iraq when it initially invaded Kuwait increasing poverty, hunger and disease
UN force sent in 1991 to remove Saddam from Kuwait - ensuing peace treaty included no fly zones and recognition of Kuwait's sovereignty
Weapons inspectors went into Iraq after end of 1st Gulf War and were forced out in 1997
2003 - did not sanction the invasion of Iraq by Britain and the US
Was the UN/LoN successful?
No - War and fighting continued
Yes - Some peace treaties were implemented BUT often via the US
Yes - The state of Israel remains and is undefeated
No - Mandates given independence and it just increased conflict
US
Aims
Promoting the state of Israel
Promoting the interests of the US and preventing the spread of communism
Safeguarding oil supplies
'War Against Terror'
Assisting in the creation of a settlement for Israeli/Palestinian conflict
Events up to peace process
1942 Biltmore Declaration
Supported Nasser in the Suez Crisis
Support of Saudi Arabia
Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 - supporting Arab countries as well as Israel
Funded and armed Israel
Recognised the state of Israel in 1948
Israel first policy due to strength of the 'Jewish Lobby'
Didn't force Israel to hand over Sinai or Golan Heights after 1967 victory
1973 war shattered US belief of Israeli superiority
Peace process onwards
1979 Treaty of Washington signed between Arafat and Begin
1991 Madrid Conference - talks between Israel and PLO
1993-5 Oslo Accords showed progress towards Palestinian autonomy
2003 Roadmap for peace
Supported Iraq in Iran Iraq War
Fought in 1st and 2nd Gulf War
Occupied Iraq
Was the US able to achieve its aims?
Helped in the peace process
Good relationship with Saudi Arabia for oil
Military dominance over USSR in Middle East
Funded the existence of Israel and the nation still exists
Fought against Iraq which was supposedly assisting Al Qaeda - not very successful as they had to occupy it for another 8 years
USSR
Aims
Promote the spread of communism
Protect borders with Iran and Afghanistan
Control oil supplies and contest Britain in Iran
Events
Attempted to gain influence in Iran
Supported Nasser against the British at Suez and assisted through the Czech arms Deal 1955 and the funding of the Aswan High Dam
Told Nasser that Israeli troops were massing on the Syrian border and said they would support him in war but didn't anticipate his response
Defeat in 6 Day War a huge blow to Soviet prestige
1972 - Sadat expelled 20,000 Soviet advisors - moved towards the US
Maintains links with Syria to try and undermine US influence
Was the USSR successful at achieving its aims?
No - lost all influence after the fall of the USSR and was militarily inferior to the US
Once Nasser died they lost all favour in their main country of influence
No countries were looking towards the ideas of communism