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Chapter 13 Mind Map, long , Simple Diffusion , Pressure Potential , …

- - - - membrane-bound molecular pumps
      - active transport
  - - - tubers
      - corms
      - wood and bark parenchyma
      - fleshy taproots
  - - - mass transfer divided by cross-sectional area of phloem
- - - - heat
      - pressure
      - elevation
    - - cooling
      - reducing pressure
      - lowering it
  - - - cell walls
      - membranes
      - soil particles
  - - - bursting of a cell
      - often occurs when animal cells are placed in pure water
      - plant cells can never burst
    - - water loss causes protoplast to pull away from cell wall
      - hints at continual loss of water
      - when protoplast has pulled completely away from the wall, cell has plasmolyzed
- - - - bonding of water molecules to other water molecules
      - any force acting on one molecule acts on neighboring ones as well
    - - bonding of water molecules to other substances
      - substances in plants that interact with water
        
        cellulose
        
        enzymes
        
        DNA
        
        sugars
        
        etc
  - - - most widely accepted model of transport
      - begins with the unavoidable water loss from open stomata
    - - transstomatal transpiration (water loss through stomata)
      - transcuticular transpiration (water loss through cuticle)
    - - breaking of hydrogen bonding
      - occurs over a large region
      - water column breaks
      - molecules above break rush upward
      - molecules below break rush downward
    - - space between portions of broken column
      - often called an air bubble
      - expands until met with something solid (pit membrane for ex.)