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Transport Systems - Animals - Coggle Diagram
Transport Systems - Animals
Blood is pumped away from the heart arteries and is returned to the heart in veins
As the size of an organism increases, its surface area to volume ration decreases
In mammals, blood consists of
plasma
, r
ed blood cell
s and
white blood cells
There are three main types of blood vessels in the body:
Capillaries
are tiny, thin-walled vessels that form a network to take blood through the organs and other body tissues.
Veins
carry blood from the capillaries and return blood to the heart. Veins have thinner muscular walls and a wider internal diameter than arteries. Carries blood at a low pressure. Has valves.
Arteries
take blood away from the heart to organs/tissues. Arteries have a narrow internal diameter and thick muscular walls. Carries blood at a high pressure.
This means that there is
less surface area
for substances to diffuse
through, so at this rate
diffusion may not be fast enough to meet the cells requirements
Large multicellular organisms cannot rely on diffusion
alone to supply their cells with substances, so large multicellular organisms
require specialised transport systems
Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body. They are specialised to carry oxygen because they:
contain large quantities of the protein haemoglobin, which can bind oxygen
has no nucleus, so there's more room for haemoglobin
biconcave shape, which maximises surface area
are tiny and flexible
Haemoglobin binds with oxygen in places where oxygen is high (in the lungs) and forms oxyhaemoglobin
Oxygen + haemoglobin ---> oxyhaemoglobin
White blood cells are part of the immune system and are involved in destroying pathogens. There are two main types of cells involved:
Phagocytes
which carry out phagocytosis by engulfing pathogens and digesting them (breaking them down)
Lymphocytes
which produce antibodies which destroy pathogens
The
right side
of the heart pumps
deoxygenated
blood to the lungs
and the
left side
pumps
oxyegnated blood
to the
rest of the body tissues
Heart Structure:
Right side:
Right ventricle
Heart valve
Heart valves prevent backflow of blood
Right atrium
Vena cava (vein)
Pulmonary artery
Left side:
Left ventricle
Heart valve
Left atrium
Pulmonary vein
Aorta (artery)
Vena Cava
and
pulmonary vein
carry
blood into
the
heart
, and blood is
carried away
from the heart in the
pulmonary artery
and the
aorta
Deoxygenated
blood comes
from
the
body
through
the
vena cava
,
into
the
right atrium
,
through
a
heart valve
and
into
the
right ventricle
where it's
pumped to the lungs
through
the
pulmonary artery
Blood is
oxygenated
in the lungs
and
re-enters
the
heart through the pulmonary vein
, into the l
eft atrium
, through a
heart valve
, into the
left ventricle
and then
pushed up
though the
aorta
to the body.
The heart muscle cells are supplied with blood by the
coronary arteries
Blockage
of the coronary arteries can deprive part of the heart of oxygen, causing it to die -
heart attack