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Nutrition in Humans - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Oesophagus constricts when circular muscles contract and longitudinal muscles relax
      - One muscle must contract and the other relax, cannot be both contract/relax at the same time
  - - - Teeth cut, smash, and break up food
      - Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose
  - - - Ideal pH for enzymes in stomach
    - - Pepsinogen activated by hydrochloric acid to become pepsin
        
        Pepsin breaks down protein into amino acids
  - - - Mainly absorbs nutrients from digested food through villi, which increase surface area for diffusion to happen faster
    - - Longest part of the small inestine
      - Also mainly absorbs nutrients from digested food
    - - Chyme from stomach mix with pancreatic juices and bile
      - First 25cm of the small intestine
      - Food is mostly digested by the time it leaves here
  - - - Function of bile is to emulsify large fat droplets into tiny fat droplets
- - - - Disaccharides
        
        Made by linking two monosaccharides with glycosidic bonds
      - Polysaccharides
        
        Long chain of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
      - Monosaccharides
        
        Single molecules, eg. glucose, fructose
    - - Molecules essential for growth and repair of cells, also the building block of DNA
    - - Made of glycerol and fatty acids, very energy heavy
    - - Organic molecules; can be water or fat soluble
- - - - The liver secretes bile which emulsifies large fat droplets into small fat droplets
    - - After 110-120 days, red blood cells break down and are removed from circulation by the liver
    - - Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver
    - - Amino acids are deaminised and converted into ammonia, which is then converted into urea to be passed out in urine
    - - Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase
        
        Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver scarring