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Language and Ethnicity, Norwich study- pronunciation of 'ing'…
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Norwich study- pronunciation of 'ing' inflection, influence of gender and class, non standard 'ing' occurred more in lower class males, women used 'ing' more
The more careful the speech, the more standard the inflection (1974)
'With an increasingly educated audience, the old ties between accent and social class are fast coming loose, ethnicity as a shared cultural heritage, ethnolect as a variety of language used by a particular ethnic group
Language and identity, ethnicity can be used to form our own identities as it is socially constructed
Social network theory, residential segregation (clusters of the same social groups and ethnic groups)
'The individual creates for oneself the patterns of linguistic behaviour so as to resemble those of the groups with which from time to time he wishes to be indentified'
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Polyphonous identity, multiple identities, 1999
Intersectionality- social categorisation (gender/class) are overlapping, ethnicity is interconnected
MLE has its roots to Estuary English and Cockney, links ethnicity to language (2013)
Adolescents growing up in London may use MLE regardless of ethnicity, links to social groups, 2018
MUBE- vowel variation, th stopping eg 'ting', pragmatic marker 'you get me', use of slang words with a Jamaican heritage rather than a traditional London heritage, eg slang lexemes bare, rass and mandem
Resistant identity- shift among black speakers, went against the norms of mainstream society, they use more MLE and MUBE
Linguistic innovators- English was changing due to multi-ethnic social networks thus facilitating horizontal transmission
Brokening- the use of multi membership to transfer some elements of language from one social group to another, new ideas eg MUBE
Black cockney- a variety identified historically and has always been present, 1993
Use of patois in Dudley by young people, the topic of the conversation influenced the the patois used, 1986
Use of English by three different age groups of Punjabi speakers in UK, older participants used the retroflex 't' and light 'i', older people used a larger linguistic repertoire, younger people used a mix of British and Indian features 2011
British English- vernacular London English and Indian English, studied how much one shifts towards another style of language. Old British Asian men used lectal focussing (LFI) where they changed language style, younger men showed lower rates of LFI due to changes in social practices