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Ch.13 Transport Processes, Cross Connection: The Opuntia cactus has xylem…
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Cross Connection: The Opuntia cactus has xylem and phloem that is arranged in a netlike pattern, with leaves located at every vertex of the net. Xylem is a means of long-distance transport, carrying water from the tips of the long roots onto and throughout the stem. Short-distance transport occurs as water moves out of the xylem and the from cell to cell until it reaches the epidermis.
Cross Connection: Some biotechnology processes require that the cell wall be digested away with cellulase enzymes, leaving behind a naked protoplast. The digestion mixture must contain just enough solute that the cells lose water and shrink away from the wall. If not, the protoplasts burst when the wall is removed and the solute concentration must be carefully adjusted.
Cross Connection: At night, guard cells and adjacent cells are in hydraulic equilibrium, but at sunrise potassium is pumped into guard cells, increasing solute concentration. Osmotic potential and water potential become more negative, and water flows in causing guard cells to swell and opening the pore.
