Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
-
-
-
Diabetes Mellitus: Does not produce or properly use INSULIN
Pathophysiology:
- Lack of insulin causes:
--- Decreased essential nutrients to the cells, Lack of fuel to carry on protein synthesis, Inability to store fatty acid as a reserve fuel source
-
Physiology:
- Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, & it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body
- Insulin allows the transport of glucose into the cell
- Glucose is used for energy
- Used for protein synthesis
- Stored in adipose tissue as fatty acid reserve
Treatment:
- First and foremost is diet & exercise control
- Self-monitoring of glucose level: use of glucometer at home
- Insulin SQ Injections
Complication:
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Type 1)
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (Type 2)
Hypopituitarism: Low pituitary hormones such as ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, or LH, commonly caused by a pituitary adenoma.
Assessment findings:
- In child: short stature or mental retardation.
- In adult: a variety of findings, depending on tropic hormone deficit.
Diagnostics:
- The corticotropin stimulation test evaluates the hypothalamic–pituitary axis.
- ACTH is administered to assess its effect on the adrenal gland.
- A normal result causes elevated cortisol and decreases ACTH.
Signs and Symptoms:
- In child: dwarfism and small stature.
- In adult: deficiency of many tropic hormones causes a wide variety of endocrine gland deficiency symptoms.
Treatment:
- GH replacement and other tropic hormones are used, if deficient
- Replacement needed for life.
Hyperpituitarism: High pituitary hormones, often caused by tumor, commonly prolactinoma, which secretes excess PRL; this hormone stimulates lactation.
Assessment findings:
- If tumor is prolactinoma: galactorrhea, amenorrhea, visual impairment, may have high BP, arrhythmias, and thyroid or adrenal enlargement, depending on the hormone excess.
Diagnostics:
- Measurements of tropic hormones such as ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH, or TSH to look for elevations of levels of any pituitary hormones.
- CT and MRI scans of head are provided to look for pituitary tumor.
Signs and symptoms
- In child: gigantism and organomegaly.
- In adult: acromegaly, which has subtle symptoms of coarsening of facial features; if prolactinoma is present, symptoms include gynecomastia, galactorrhea, amenorrhea, headache, or visual disturbances caused by tumor near the optic chiasm.
Treatment:
- Bromocriptine inhibits PRL if prolactinoma is present.
- Surgery is used for pituitary tumor.
Pineal Tumor: A neuroendocrine gland that secretes melatonin located near hypothalamus. Enlargement of the gland or tumor places pressure on adjacent brain tissue.
Signs and Symptoms:
- Headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, memory disturbances, and visual changes.
-
-
Treatment:
- Surgical removal of tumor. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt to decrease blockage of CSF.
Addison's Disease
Signs and Symptoms
- Decreased glucocorticoids
(Poor tolerance for stress, Hypoglycemia, Lethargy, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, fever)
- Decreased mineral-corticoids
Na+, K+, H20 imbalances
Hyponatremia: loss of ECF (decreased cardiac output)
Hyperkalemia (increased appetite for salt, orthostatic hypotension, dehydration, weakness, fatigue
-Severe cardiovascular collapse and shock Decreased androgens• Female (sparse axillary & pubic hair)• Male (no changes in testes; still produces androgen) ncreased ACTH• Released from anterior pituitary (to increase renal production)• Hyperpigmentation under eyes, bronze tone to oral mucosa and skin
-
Causes:
- Autoimmune
- TB
- Cancer
- Fungal
-
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Signs and Symptoms:
- Three P’s: POLYDIPSIA (excessive thirst), POLYPHAGIA (excessive hunger), POLYURIA (excessive urination)
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Vision changes
- Dehydration = (poor skin turgor)
- Decreased peripheral pulses
- Decreased sensation to limbS
Complications:
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
Overtime the beta cells of pancreas fail to produce insulin because of exhaustion80% of obese first experience resistance, then lack of insulin production
Common causes:
- Obesity
- Inactivity
- Aging
- Physical stress
- Emotional stress
- Pregnancy
- Use of contraceptives
- Use of corticosteroids
- Viral infections
Pathphysiology
- Resistance to insulin usage in peripheral tissue (less insulin receptors thus decreased ability to transport glucose into the cell)
- High insulin secretion to compensate for lack of cellular glucose uptake (insulin is ineffective due to resistance)
- Over-production of Glucagon from the Liver (released when blood glucose is low) = gluconeogenesis (to produce more available glucose for cellular uptake)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Pathophysiology:
- Auto-Immune attack on Beta Cells of the Pancreas
- Beta cells are destroyed, therefore they cannot produce insulin
- Genetic or Environmental (real cause is unknown)
- Antibodies produced which cause an inflammatory reaction in the pancreas (Insulitis)
- By the time DM is diagnosed, 80% of the Pancreatic cells are destroyed
Signs and Symptoms:
- Three P’s:
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
Polyuria (excessive urination)
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Vision changes
- Dehydration = (poor skin turgor)
- Decreased peripheral pulses
- Decreased sensation to limbs
Complication: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- an acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes that mainly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes
- This condition occurs when there isn't enough insulin in the body. It can be triggered by infection or other illness.
- A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).
-
Diabetes Insipidus: Lack of ADH from the posterior pituitary, which causes lack of water reabsorption at the nephron and consequent water loss.
- ADH is made and stored in the hypothalamus; secreted from the posterior pituitary gland
Signs and Symptoms:
- Polydipsia
- Polyuria
- fatigue
- weight loss
- dizziness
- weakness
- constipation
Diagnosis:
- Urine is colorless with low osmolality
- Urine specific gravity less than 1.005 (dilute urine output)
Treatment:
- aimed at fluid replacement & prevention of dehydration
- Vasopressin given SQ -- form of ADH
- Surgical removal of posterior pituitary gland
Causes:
- Neurogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the pituitary gland fails to secrete the hormone vasopressin, which regulates bodily fluids.
- In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, vasopressin secretion is normal, but the kidneys do not correctly respond to the hormone.
-