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History - Medicine Through Time - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The Roman Empire was often centred around large, cramped cities. While good for development these were epicentres for disease.
      - Romans were not philosophers and instead very practical, which was different to the Greeks
      - Romans provided medical care to their entire Roman army, and their knowledge increased after the discovery of the Great library of Alexandria and the influx of captured Greek physicians
    - - While Galen followed the teachings of Hippocrates he also had his own ideas.
        
        Galen had three main theories
        
        He believed the brain controlled the body, and proved it after an experiment involving a pig's nervous system. This was influential as it disproved the previous theory of the heart controlling the body
        
        He expanded on the Theory of the Four Humours and stated that a patient must always do the opposite of what the patient does
        
        For example, eating hot peppers if you had a cold
        
        Finally he stated that the human body worked perfectly and each organ was vital
        
        This idea was backed by the Christian Church, as it supported the idea that God created humans
        
        These theories were heavily flawed for a number of reasons, the most important being that human dissections were outlawed in Rome
        
        This led to animals being used instead, giving us a misleading representation of human anatomy
      - Born around 129 AD and began studying in gladiator school where he learnt to treat wounds. At 33, he travelled to become the Emperor's personal doctor in Rome
      - As the Church controlled education for centuries to come, Galen's teachings were taught as fact and people were discouraged to expand upon them.
        
        This is because Galen's ideas supported the Churches
        
        This led to a severe lack of medical knowledge in Christian Europe for centuries afterwards
  - - - Most people thought Asclepius was the one responsible for disease and ill health
      - In every major town and city in Ancient Greece there was an Asclepion (a cross between a religious temple and a health resort)
    - - Hippocrates was the first to come up with the theory of the Four Humours
        
        This was the idea that there were four substances within the body:
        
        Black Bile
        
        Yellow Bile
        
        Blood
        
        Phlegm
        
        If these humours were out of balance, it caused illness. Certain humours were unbalanced during certain seasons
        
        There were several treatments to rebalance the Four Humours such as:
        
        Bleeding
        
        Cleaning the Bowels
        
        Induced vomiting
        
        The theory was a step forward as it led to a lot of the Greek people doing things in moderation, eating healthily and doing exercising, all of which helped their health
        
        For the first time they were attempting to use logic and rationality to explain illness
      - The Hippocratic Oath
        
        Founded by Hippocrates and still used by all doctors to swear by their profession in modern day
        
        Terms of the Oath include
        
        Never intentionally harming a patient under any circumstance
        
        Looking to help patients instead of extorting them for money
        
        Keeping a persons medical issues private, apart from a very select group of people
      - Other theories and the Hippocratic collection
        
        The Hippocratic collection was a series of books that contained his ideas, that doctors continued to use for many centuries after.
        
        This included symptoms of disease and potential treatments
        
        Hippocrates showed the importance of observing and recording information, which also allowed many other doctors to spread their individual ideas
        
        His treatments included encouraging patients to exercise more, get more sleep and eat healthier, which genuinely improved their general health
- - - - They were characterised by love of learning and did not believe that God was responsible for everything
        
        Hippocrates and Galen's books were retranslated and published, and ideas that had been phased out under the Church began being reintroduced
        
        590 editions of Galen's works were published throughout the 16th century
    - - This became the first major scientific society, set up by King Charles II
        
        The point of a scientific society being that many scientists could meet and discuss their work with peers
      - As the King supported them, the Royal Society increased in credibility, meaning that many of the ideas that were first developed there were taken seriously
        
        This would lead to many people sending in their theories and work, leading to discoveries in many fields, including medicine
      - The first meeting occurred in 1660, and in 1665, they published the first scientific journal: 'Philosophical Transactions', which is still published today
        
        This provided a platform from which other scientists could share their work. The society encouraged scientific texts to be written in English, to make it more accessible
  - - - Became the first scientists to categorise diseases as a species, like plants and animals
        
        He would write down the symptoms of a disease and treat it based off a catalogue of symptoms, not the patient themselves
        
        This was a very modern idea, which paved the way for a more scientific approach to discovering diseases in the 18th century
        
        While Sydenham was unable to isolate and identify the organisms causing the disease he did identify that measles and scarlet fever were different diseases
      - Known as 'The English Hippocrates'
    - - Born in 1514 in Brussels
      - Studied medicine in 1533 in Paris and later became a lecturer in surgery and professor of surgery in the University of Padua, Italy
        
        Paris had become the centre for humanist thinking, especially regarding medicine
      - Focused on the dissections of human bodies. He encouraged other doctors to base their works off of dissections and was one of the first to dissect human bodies, as a magistrate allowed him to work on executed criminals
        
        This led him to identify 300 issues with Galen's work, which had been taken as fact, as Galen had dissected animals. These are some of the following issues:
        
        The lower human jaw bone was made up of one part, not two
        
        The Vena Cava was not positioned next to the liver
        
        Men and women had the same number of ribs
        
        The human liver was not separated into five lobes
        
        Vesalius wrote several books during his work as a lecturer:
        
        Six Anatomic Tables (1537): Showed and labelled various models of the human body
        
        On The Fabric of the Human Body (1542): Included details of the human body found during dissections
    - - Born in 1578, studied medicine in Cambridge and became the Royal Doctor in 1618
      - Proved that blood was pumped round the body through veins and arteries using dissections of
        live animals and demonstrations with humans
      - Also realised that veins and arteries were linked through capillaries, although he could not see them due to limited tech at the time
        
        These ideas also proved the heart acted as a pump, and idea that he had been inspired by after viewing pumps in a fire service
    - - Changed ideas about surgery during his time as a medic in the army
      - Wounds were previously treated using boiling oil, which cauterised the wound and stopped the bleeding
        
        During a one battle, Paré ran out of oil, and instead used a mixture of egg yolk, rose oil and turpentine, which ended up working better than the oil
      - Instead of cauterizing wounds, Paré used ligatures (silk threads) to tie up blood vessels.
        
        However this ended up not improving the fatality rate as surgeons did not clean their hands or the ligatures themselves