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Anti-Terrorism laws and Human Rights - Coggle Diagram
Anti-Terrorism laws and Human Rights
Torture
Rendition, when suspects were taken to secret locations to be tortured.
Happened a ton during the 2000s, this became an issue because countries weren't supposed to use torture. Resulted in Legal battles of what was and was not torture
How effective is torture
victim might give false information or provide information for authorities to go to the wrong location
TLDR; Not effective
Notable Terrorism Events
9/11, increased use of torture by CIA
July 7th, 2005. London Bombing (7/7), coordinated suicided attacks, 56 people died and 784 injured
Terrorism
Definition
Terrorism is hard to define
Many countries have their own definition and there is no international one
It is subjective
Two sides, One is a terrorist, the other is a freedom fighter
Criminality
In nature, it is a criminal act
e.g. Arson, killing, property damage
Legitimate vs illegitimate violence
Those with authority, some may consider the use of armies to quash the violence justified, but other on the terrorist side find it oppressive, leading to other means of violence
Activity vs Goals
Goals might be to break free from their oppressive government, implement a religion or fight against western ideals
Shamima Begum (2019) Case
Shamima Beigum, teenager at 15, she went to join ISIS with her friends. She became the wife of a fighter. After the defeat of ISIS and reduced control of towns. Tried to return to the UK. But nationality was taken away from her by home sectary.
Some say she deserves being in a Refuge camp for what she has done
Others say she should be given a second chance
Christchurch, New Zealand terror attack 15/3/2019
Done by Right wing Radicalist against a mosque
Old vs New Terrorism
Old Terrorism
Groups like ETA and PIRA
Tight Organizations
Local objectives (usually to regain their homeland from oppressive external governments)
Local terrorist Groups
ETA threatens Spanish gov, Founded in 1959 and seized activities and violence which they previously used.
PIRA threatens British gov
Red Brigade, Founded in 1970 and focused in Italy, now defunct
Baader Meinhof, focused in Germany but now defunct, founded in 1970
IRA, founded in 1969 for Ireland, wanted Britain to withdraw from North Ireland, since peace accord, they stopped carrying out attacks
Dealt in low levels of violence
Done to not lose public opinion
New terrorism
Groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS
Highly Violent, focuses in high forms of terrorism
Global networks, but loose
Concentrations and sympathizers which are hidden in other countries
Head Quarters are in failed states
Goals is to remove western influence who control areas with military
Became effective at social media and technology
Origins of Terrorism
Said to come from Judea in the 1st century. (Present day Israel)
It is an ancient thing and probably older than 1st century
Judea case
Romans were occupying, there were Jews AKA Sicarii (Jewish Zealots) who tried to resist. They would carry a dagger waiting for an opportunity for a roman centurion to kill
Special Powers of Governments to tackle terrorism
Controversial and disputed
First applied with tackling the IRA
The problems
Democracies have lots of freedom with movement and speech, but enables terrorists to exploit the freedoms
Convention and Prevention of Terrorism 2005
Legislation made to keep freedoms while limiting terrorism
Case Husayn v Poland (2015)
A polish intelligence base used by Germans during WW2, between 2002-2003 it was used between CIA and Polish Authorities where there was CIA torture. This eventually reached the European Court of Human Rights in 2014, and breaches were found
Terrorism Act 2000
Gave Home Secretary to ban political parties on the grounds of being terrorists. People were obligated to disclose information on terrorism, allowed to stop and search people. Could insight terrorism overseas,
Anti Terrorism act 2001
Allowed the imprisonment of terrorists indefinitely without trial, foreigners suspected of terrorism
There was backlash and was repealed in 2005
Counter-Terrorism Act 2008
Police could share documents with other groups to counter attack terrorist financing
Counter Terrorism and prevention act 2015
Prevent travel of terrorism and radicalism, allows seizing of passports and allows the refusal of people to return to the UK
Anti-terrorism in China
1 million Uighar Minorities have been detained
China says it is because the are largely potential terrorists
Others say it is to remove the minorities and remove their culture and faction
Secret documents from the Chinese Cables uncovers Zhu Hai Lin, an official states the are to round up those people in vocational training camps
Challenges to Anti-Terrorism Legislation
Restricts civil rights
Trust Issues
Laws now are sufficient because it deals with law breakers
Treatment of suspects
Example of NGO's who challenge the legislation
Liberty