Unit 5 Test Notes

Westward Expansion

Causes for Expansion

Physiological factors.

Manifest Destiny

to express their belief that the United States’ destiny was to expand to the Pacific

Economic factors

Exhaustion of good lands in the east

Effects of the panic of 1837

Gold and silver

Market, Communication, Transportation Revolution

transportation

steamboat

canals

trains developed in 1840's

Market

People bought and sold goods, rather than making goods for themselves

Communication

people in better contact

telegraph

New Markets Link Regions

Northeast

West

South

Shipping and manufacturing

Farming cash crops: wheat and corn

Cash Crops: tobacco, cotton, rice

Texas Independence

Causes

Events

Results

Mexico won independence

Mexico invites U.S. settlers

Mexico wanted to improve economy

Increase trade with US

Increase manufactured goods in Mexico

Laws which tied North provinces to US trade rather than rest of Mexico

Reasons US settlers came

Manifest Destiny

Natural Resources and good farmland

Land grants by Mexican government = cheap large plots of land

Conflict between Texas and Mexico

Despite closed borders, Anglo population doubled between 1830 and 1834

Austin was arrested and imprisoned after he traveled to Mexico City to petition for greater self-government for Texas.

SLAVERY

War

Santa Anna marched toward San Antonio with 4,000 troops to make Texans obey laws

Austin returned to Texas in 1835 🡪 was convinced war was the only recourse

Austin called Texans to arms

The Alamo

The lone star republic

Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836

Annexation of Texas

Most Texans hoped US would annex Texas, but American public split

Southerners sought to extend slavery

Northerners feared unbalance in senate in favor of slave states, feared a potential war with Mexico

John Quincy Adams (as president wanted to Purchase Texas) opposed in 1838, also rejected by President Tyler’s Sec of State Daniel Webster in 1842

President James K. Polk, a slaveholder, firmly favored annexation, and Texas joined Dec. 29, 1845.

Oregon Treaty

Expansionists urged seizure of Oregon from England

"54 40' or Fight" became slogan

Oregon Treaty (1846) set boundary at 49th parallel

Missionaries enter the region

Oregon Trail

Disagreements with Natives upon arrival

Whitman Massacre - Native attack on Whitman Mission in Oregon Country

Mexican-American War

Polk Urges War

Polk has a vision of continental US from Atlantic to Pacific and to retire presidency after first term

Hostilities with Mexico flared again When US Annexed Texas in 1845.

Causes for Polk’s Military Action

Issues over border of Mexico and Texas

Domestic Dispute over Slavery
as a Cause

Southerners wanted war to gain more land to:

Expand Slavery

Gain more slave states in congress

North wanted Congress to pass Wilmot Provision

Proposed Amendment to military appropriations Bill of 1846 that prohibited slavery in lands that might be gained from Mexico

Southerners felt provision was attack on slavery, pushed for war even more.

Sectional conflict

Problems After Mexican War

Main Problem: What to do with the new land in regard to free or slave states.

Mexican Cession not yet organized

Texas-New Mexico border dispute

California joins as a free state

Options:

Missouri Compromise

Slave States and Free States

Popular sovereignty

Let the people vote whether they should be slave states or free states

Free soil

No slavery at all

Clays Compromise

Compromise of 1850

The North got

Slave trade banned in D.C.

No abolition unless residents and MD consent

Slave owners would be paid for loss

CA admitted as a free state

The South Got

Popular Sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah Territories

Pay $10 Million to Texas to give disputed land to New Mexico territory.

New and more effective Fugitive Slave Law

Getting the Compromise Passed.

Sen. Webster (W-MA) speaks to Northerners about passing stricter fugitive

slave laws

Southerners about danger of secession

Senate rejects compromise

sen. Douglas, Proposed introducing each resolution one at a time

President Taylor Dies!!!

PRESIDENT MILLARD FILMORE GETS IT PASSED!!!👍🎉🎊

September 1850, Compromise passed

Crisis averted for the time being

Underground Railroad

Secret network of people who hid fugitives

"Conductors" hid fugitives in secret tunnels and false cupboards, gave food, and clothing, help to next "station."

Harriet Tubman helps 300 slaves escape during 19 trips South

Tension over Kansas/Nebraska

Issue of slavery in new territories

Kansas/Nebraska

Sen. Douglas proposes Kansas Nebraska Act

Kansas Nebraska Act :

Divide area into 2 territories

Kansas

Nebraska

Repealed Missouri Compromise

Popular Sovereignty in both territories

Bill passed 1854, after moths of struggle in congress

Effects:

Both sides very bitter

Both rush into Kansas

Enough to make Kansas eligible to be a state by March, 1855

violence between two factions

“Free Staters” (N)

“Border Ruffians” (S)

Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas, or the Border War was a series of violent civil confrontations in Kansas Territory, and to a lesser extent in western Missouri, between 1854 and 1859. It emerged from a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas.

Fugitive Slave Law

Extremely Harsh Laws

No trial by jury

More money to return a slave than free them

Huge fines for those who help a fugitive(Slave)

Northern Reaction

Sent slaves to Canada

Boston Mob killed guard of imprisoned fugitive.

9 Northern states passed laws forbidding imprisonment of fugitives

Northern lawyers dragged trials out to increase cost for slave owners