Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Super bug, showed, indicates a, is, is, ordered to, is, is, consist of,…
Super bug
Lab investigation & examinations
Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate
A test that indirectly measures the degree of inflammation present in the body.
A high ESR usually has an obvious cause, such as severe infection
D-dimer
A protein fragments produced when blood clot gets dissolved
Rule out the presence of clots and some conditions such as DVT
Serum Ferritin
Ferritin is a protein that contains iron and the primary form of iron stored in cells
Increased levels may be seen in infections
C-reactive protein
Protein made by the liver, which increase when there is a condition caused by inflammation
Levels of CRP increases thousand-fold in response to bacterial infection
Chest X-ray
Pulmonary opacification
Decrease in the ratio of gas to soft tissues
Pneumonia
inflammation of lung parynchyma that can be caused by infectious agents
inflammatory response
lung consolidation
Classifications
Location where pneumonia is acquired from
Community acquired pneumonia
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Location of the infection
Lobar pneumonia
1-Congestion
2-Red hepatization
3-Gray hepatization
4-Resolution
Bronchopneumonia
Complications
Pleuritis
Lung abscess
Bacteremia
Severity assessment
CURB-65 Risk score
Acute infections
Symptoms
Fever
Weakness or Fatigue
SOB
Loss of Taste or Smell
Cough
Types
#
Bronchitis
Acute
Causes
Bacterial infection
Irritants
Viral infection
Chronic
Causes
cigarette smoking
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Control of respiration
Quite Breathing
Inspiration
Dorsal repiratory group
Pneumotaxic centre
Dorsally in upper pons
Apneustic center
Lower pons
Dorsal part of Medulla oblongata
Diaphragm & external intercostals
Expiration
Inhibition of Dorsal repiratory group
Elastic recoil of lung
Active Breathing
Inspiration
Dorsal repiratory group
Pneumotaxic centre
Increased Respiratory rate
Ventral respiratory group
Accessory muscles of Inspiration
Accessory muscles of Expiration
Ventral part of Medulla
Expiration
Immune Responses
T helper 1
IFN-γ and CD40L
Activation of macrophages
IL-3 and GM-CSF
Induces macrophage differentiation
B cells
Antigen binding
Activation of ITAMS
Phosphorylation of signalling intermediates
Affinity maturation
AICD
Inducing point mutations in the antigen binding site
Higher affinity
Survives
Lower affinity
Dies by apoptosis
Anatomy of lungs & pleura
pleura
pleural cavity
parietal pleura
cervical
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal
viceral pleura
histology
simple squamous epithelium
subserous fascia
loose areolar CT
pleural recess
costodiaphragmatic recess
costomediastinal recess
lungs
right lung
superior lobe
middle lobe
horizontal fissure
oblique fissure
inferior lobe
left lung
superior lobe
oblique fissure
inferior lobe
histology
type 2 pneumocytes
alveolar macrophages
type 1 pneumocytes
blood supply
right and left bronchial arteries
thoracic aorta
Lung pathogens
Strep pneumoniae
Gram-positive bacterium
Capsulated
Selective growth media
alpha haemolytic
partial clearing and greening of the blood
Virulence factors
pathogensis
Pneumolysin
pore forming
exotoxin
Autolysin
bacterial cell wall lysis.
Ply, bacterial DNA and RNA to be released
Capsular Polysaccharide
Adhesion
Vaccine development
Resistance to phagocytosis and Antibiotics
Choline-Binding Proteins
Pharmacology of pneumonia
CAP
patients characteristics
no comorbidities nor chance of drug resistance in outpatient
Doxycycline
Amoxicillin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
existence of comorbidities of outpatient treatment
Monotherapy with fluroquinolone
Gemifloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin
beta lactam + macrolides
Amoxcilin-clavualnate
Cefpodoxime
Cefuroxime
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Treatment of CAP in inpatient nonsevere settings
Standard regimen:
Monotherapy with fluroquinolone
Beta-lactam + macrolides
Add MRSA coverage
Linezolid or Vancomycin
showed
indicates a
is
is
ordered to
is
is
consist of
that divides by location into
consist of
made of
include
by
branch from
include
in which we have
consist of
between them
between them
separated by
include
mainly
rarely
secrete
leading to the
which
are activated by
leading to the
causing
undergo
under the action of
by
leading to
which
which
is
is
has
makes
has
such as
Divided into
Divided into
Divided into
Controlled by
Controlled by
Controlled by
Controlled by
Stimulated by
Innervates
Causing
Inhibited by
Innervates
Innervates
Controlled by
Located in
Located in
Located
Stimulated intensly by
Located
Causing
is
leading to
which can cause
depend on
have 4 stages
is
is
is
help in
leads
help us in
help in
help in
depends on
2 options
either