(Chapter 15) Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulation
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Histone Modification
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Histone Acetylation - promotes transcription by adding acetyl groups to allow RNA polymerase to read DNA easily
Histone Methylation - prevents transcription by adding methyl groups which makes DNA more difficult to read and copy for RNA polymerase
Epigenetic Inheritance -
Meaning "above the genome", Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expressions. Specifically, it is the study of how outside factors, such as behavior and environment, impact the showing of genes (on/off).
Non Coding RNA
MicroRNA
Interferring RNA (RNAi)
MicroRNA are small, single stranded pieces of RNA that bind to mRNA molecules, which ultimately impedes mRNA translation.
RNAi are similar to MicroRNA, as they interfere and cause gene expression to be blocked. They are essential in controlling gene expressions.
Post Transcriptional Regulation
Alternative RNA splicing
Different pieces of mRNA sequences are either exons or introns, as they control what genes are expressed/not expressed.
Protein Degration and Processing
Genetic erosion - Ubiquitin is a protein that is used to control protein destruction .
Differential Gene Expression
Cells may have the same genome but different cells will express different genes for their individual tasks/jobs.
Regulating Transcription Initiation
Control elements
Noncoding DNA - transcription factors can bind to these areas which help to correctly copy DNA
Enhancer - Regulatory DNA sequences that enhance the transcription of a gene
Transcription Factors
Repressors - Interfere with operators in order to block RNA polymerase from synthesizing DNA
Activators - binds to enhancers to help RNA polymerase and transcription
Transcription factors are needed to regulate gene expression and to help protein coding. They are needed for RNA polymerase in order to start the process of copying DNA.
Specific Transcription Factors bind to the control elements in order to prevent or promote DNA transcription. Transcription Factors allow for the control of gene expressions.