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Social - Coggle Diagram
Social
Why
Ultimate = for the species
groom for ectoparasite
predatir defense
sifaka mob a boa George to rescue Ella
raising of offspring
resource utilization
population dispersal
reproductive strategy
Proximate
Social bonding
find food
Fear reduction
territoriality
Sex
Solly Zuckerman
"Social Life of Monkeys and Apes"
London zoo: bamboo
Sexual Attraction
bring animals together
Dominance Hierarchy
each monkey has a place like in military
T.C. Schneirla
"gregarious tendency" = like to be social
obligative (genetic) -- facultative (learned)
Characteristics = Group Social Structure
monogamy
marmoset, tamarin, gibbon
each family is terrotorial
siamang - "dueting"
less sexual dimorphism
more parental care (communcal rearing)
dad carry baby
both male/female offspring leave or assist rearing siblings
only 1 monkey: Mentawai langur on Siberut Island near Sumatra
Titi monkey - "tail-twining"
not 100% loyal
tarsiers in Indonesia
polygyny = one male with female
harem
huge sexual dimorphism
sons emigrate to
bachelor bands
+ moms and daughters stay
langurs:
infanticide
every 4-5 yrs
kill kids of previous adult males -> females quickly reproduce
bachelor bank takeover of single-male + female harem
howler monkey, patas monkey, geunons
hamadryas & gelada baboon: social unit within
sleeping herd
one-male polygyny within large herd
geleda baboon:
Bruce Effect
females miscarry if there is a male takeover
solitary forager
common in prosimian: mouse lemur, galago, loris, aye-aye
territorial male
social = overlapping femlaes
adolescent males/females emigrate "vagabond males"
tarsier in Phillipines, orangs
multi-male / multi-female
age-graded
old leader
silverback male (α, leader)
fission (apart) / fusion (together) = community
chimps, muriqui, spider monkeys
chimps: core resident males
bonobo: female and affiliated males
sexually segregated
males and females not interact much
ringtailed lemur, talapoin monkey, squirrel monkey
reduces social tensions among males
dominant females
Ground-living OW monkeys
variation: ringtailed lemurs, squirrel monkeys, gorillas, chimps
female choice -> sexual dimorphism
females >> males, females related
adult male
dominance hierarchy
Male emigration (sometimes female)
female gorillas emigrate to other group
2 groups together is dangerous
Terms
Ethology: study of natural behaviors in natural setting
Sociobiology: behaviors explained by adaptive benefits
Comparative Psychology:
Behavioral Neuroscience (brain) & Evolutionary Psychology