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Chapter 15: Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulation - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 15: Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulation
Differential Gene Expression
Cells that have the same genome expressing different genes based on the function of cell.
Epigenetic Inheritence
Epigenetics has to do with traits that are not directly involved with the nucleotide sequence. This could be related to environment, and which genes are turned off or on.
Regulating Transcription Initiation
Control elements- noncoding DNA that is a place for transcription factors to bind to. Important to correctly copy DNA.
Enhancer- segment of DNA with many control elements, generally associated with one gene.
Transcription Factors-
Regulate gene expression
General Transcription Factors are necessary for all protein coding genes. Needed for RNA polymerase to start copying the DNA strand.
Specific TFs- bind to the
control elements
to repress/activate transcription of DNA. Able to control rate of expression by doing this
Activators- Transcription factor that binds to
enhancer
regions. As DNA folds, works with other tfs to initiate transcription with RNA polymerase
Repressors- can interfere with activators so transcription cannot start, or bind to DNA to block the copying.
Histone Modification- condenses or opens up chromatin structure to allow/repress DNA copying
Histone Acetylation- adding acetyl groups to make DNA easier to read for RNA polymerase.
Histone methylation- adding methyl groups which makes DNA harder to read and copy.
Post Transcriptional Regulation
Alternative RNA splicing- Different mRNA sequences are treated as exons/introns, and therefore leads to different gene expression.
Protein degration and processing
ubiquitin- attaches to proteins to mark them for destruction
Non coding RNAs
MicroRNAs- small single stranded RNA that binds to complmentary sequences of mRNA molecules. Able to degrade or block mRNA translation.
Small Interfering RNA- similar function to microRNA