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Schaffer & Emerson's Stages of Attachment -…
Schaffer & Emerson's
Stages of Attachment
Findings:
1/2 of children showed their first specific attachment between 6-8 months
There were significant individual differences
Many of the babies had several attachments by 10 months
39% of the infants had a primary attachment with someone other than the primary care giver
Attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby's signals
Procedures:
Followed 60 infants over 2 years from working class area (Glasgow)
Kept a detailed record of observations (observed every 4 weeks until their first birthday)
Observed again at 18 months
Stages:
Asocial
- first few weeks
Not predisposed to attach to any human, most babies respond equally to any care giver
Babies happy in the presence of any human
Indiscriminate attachment
- after 4 months
Learn to distinguish between primary and secondary care givers
Accept any care giver and usually don't display separation/social anxiety
Specific attachment
- after 7 months
Baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection
Shows fear of strangers and unhappiness when separated from a special person
Multiple attachment
- after 9 months
Baby becomes increasingly independent and forms several secondary attachments
Evaluation:
W - Narrow sample, low external validity (1960s Glasgow, working class)
W - Done a long time ago
S - High external validity in naturalistic setting
S - High internal validity, use of a longitudinal study