Bigger Thomas
Setting
Events
Theme
Characters
Murder of Mary Dalton
The Hypocrisy of Justice
Jan
Mary
Fear
Symbols
"Rape"
Rat
1930's Chicago
The Effect on Racism Towards the Oppressed
Wright explores Bigger’s psychological corruption that provides a new perspective on the oppressive effect racism had on the black population in 1930s America. Bigger’s psychological damage results from the constant barrage of racist propaganda and racial oppression he faces while growing up. Wright illustrates the ways in which white racism forces blacks into a pressured; therefore, a dangerous state of mind. Blacks are beset with the hardship of economic oppression and forced to act subserviently before their oppressors,
Wright’s treatment of racism is the terrible inequity of the American criminal justice system of Wright’s time. The outcome of Bigger’s case is decided before it ever goes to court: in the vicious cycle of racism, a black man who kills a white woman is guilty regardless of the factual circumstances of the killing.
Bigger is in a constant state of fear, which he does not engage with, and which drives him to be angry and violent. Secondly, it is the white community's fear of black people that causes them to try to control black people, often evoked by fear.
Blindness
Blindness is an innate part of human nature and will always exist within society. Oftentimes, people do not even realize they are blind, so by depicting the blindness of society along with making blindness common in Native Son. The effects of the varying multitudes of blindness are prominent within the mindsets within the characters in the novel and is repeated throughout Native Son.
South Side
Mrs. Dalton
“Black Ape"
Furnance
Mr. Max
Mr. Dalton
Bessie
Mrs. Dalton
Mrs. Dalton is physically blind and figuratively blind as well. Richard Wright portrays Mrs. Dalton as a positive attribute of blindness. Mrs. Dalton cannot see the difference in skin color; therefore, she is not biased on their race.
Bigger Thomas
South Side
Bigger Thomas and his family live in an apartment building owned by Mr. Dalton's real estate company. The building that the company owns on the South Side are for the black residents; moreover, the rent is more than what most individuals can afford. One must also take into consideration that Mr. Dalton does not rent out apartments to black individuals on other sides of the city and the rent is lower for the white community.
1930's Chicago
It is Bigger's fear that justifies his actions throughout the novel. For example, in Book 1, Bigger and his friends were planning to rob a white-owned grocery store. Bigger, out of fear of getting in trouble, attacked and threatened one of his closest friends for being late. Bigger used fear and anger to get out of a situation, instead of facig/speaking the truth.
During this time period, there is increasing racism in American society, as it confirms racist whites’ basic fears about blacks. In Wright’s portrayal, whites effectively transform blacks into their own negative stereotypes of “blackness.”
In the novel, the furnace symbolizes all that Bigger hated yet it also symbolized all of Bigger fear and guilt and the only piece of evidence that can reveal the whole truth. Not to mention the furnace served as evidence to Bigger trial The furnace was located in the basement of the Daltons family where he was able to hide Marry body and the only place that hold back Bigger from punishment and is able to control the furnace temperature to ensure Marry body disposes into ashes.
The rat at the beginning of chapter one introduces a representation of the type of person we as a reader expect bigger to be throughout the novel. The rat also represents survival, confinement, and how poor societies in a black community live.
The word " rape" symbolize more than just sexual behavior but for Bigger the word rape to him represents " his back facing a wall" and being force to do something in a way for him to act
During Bigger trial, the phrase " black ape" represents the inhumanity of strong racism that black folks were inferior to white folk. The "black ape" also symbolizes and alludes to human actions as a savage animal because it is not measured to be civilized nor human so they refer to people like Bigger as a " black ape"..
Motifs
AWAKENING
RACIAL DEVISION
BIGGER REPEATION OF MURDER
In the novel, Native Son Richard Wright alludes to Bigger Thomas two awakening at two different sections of the book one where Bigger understands his motive and the reason for his own fate. The second awakening occurs when Bigger learns about himself and accepts that all he did serves as a motive to his own freedom and be free from society. The awakening of Bigger Thomas serves as a motif because it becomes a repetition from one to another. Interpreting a new understanding of Bigger each time he realizes his true self. As a reader, we get to learn a side that Bigger never showed to the people around him nor his own family. Not to mention, we understand all his true dream and hopes especially those that fear and white individuals don't allow him to reach as black folk.
The division in which plays in Chicago especially on the south side where Bigger Thomas lives has significantly alluded throughout the whole novel. The division between white and black folks brings separation in authority and limitation towards Bigger building him into the character he becomes in Native Son. His constant division makes Bigger aware and builds his strong hate towards his own race and the white folks. Moreover, the racial division for Bigger is seen as how the black man can live and what he can or cannot do with his life due to his skin color. Bigger own feelings of fear, resentment, and suspicion, and own shame dominates his ineffectual, color of his skin, and the poverty of his own family
Biggers murders of Marry Dalton and Bessie allude to a significant representation of Bigger being a product of oppression. Biggers first killing of Marry give him a sense of power for the first time in life yet he became the product of what society always expected black folk's to be. The murders in the book become the turning points of Biggers own life. We interpreted that Bigger killing simply explains his whole entire life.
Pigeon
The pigeon in Native Son represent Biggers biggest desiree of freedom the ability to be and go where ever he want instead of being trap in a society were freedom limited and no black folk can be who they wanna be without paying a price.
Bigger does not consider Bessie to be a major part of his life, just someone to keep him company and satisfy his needs. Though he cared for her, he did not love her as can be seen in the quote, "I wasn't in love with Bessie. She was my girl. I don't reckon I was ever in love with nobody. I killed Bessie to save myself. You have to have a girl, so I had Bessie. And I killed her." Essentially Bessie was an attempt to have a life like everyone else, but Bigger could not love due to his lack of understanding of himself, and therefore inability to truly connect with anyone prior to his awakening.
Max was the first person in general to have asked questions about his life and recognize the fact that he too, had goals, feelings, and dreams as all others had as can be seen in the quote, "But in Max's asking of those questions he had felt a recognition of his life, of his feelings, of his person that he had never encountered before." It is apparent that being asked about these things, a moment of self-reflection and understanding for Bigger which leads him to his second awakening, which is absolutely crucial to the character development of Bigger. Though he did not know Max for long, I would say he had the most significant impact on Bigger's life.
Jan was the first person to have acknowledged Bigger as a person and empathized for him, leading him to the conclusion that not all white people were ignorant and full of hate towards black people. The very moment in which Bigger realizes that Jan too, was a person who felt and had dreams, he realized he had , as can be seen in the quote, "For the first time in his life a white man became a human being to him; and the reality of Jan's humanity came in a stab of remorse: he had killed what this man loved and had hurt him." This made Bigger slightly less defensive of white individuals; therefore making him more trusting of Mr. Max who was the spark of inspiration towards Bigger's understanding of himself.
Mrs. Dalton symbolizes all that society couldn't see. For Bigger Mrs. Dalton symbolized fear yet her only true witness to Marry Dalton Murder
Murder of Bessie
Trial
Talking to Mr. Max
Bessie
In the novel, Bessie mentions how she has done nothing wrong in her life and never got to experience happiness. Living in the South Side was hard for Bessie because she "worked like a dog" just to survive and pay rent.
Jan
Jan plays an interesting role in the novel, especially by introducing the concept of Communism. Those who follow the Communist Party are also seen as the bottom of society for their beliefs. Bigger signing the kidnap note as a "Red" made the main suspect to be Jan because he is a Communist.
"Black Ape"
This form of slur was used on the black community during this time period. This offensive name-calling dehumanizes Bigger and other black individuals.
Max
Max was an advocate for the Black community. Moreover, he took it upon himself to defend Bigger in the trial when he was receiving threats from white individuals. In Book 3, he mentioned in his plea statement of how the justice system will always fail if we do not make a difference within our society.
Awakening
In Bigger learning about himself and his motives while talking to Jan, his second and true awakening takes place in which he accepts that though what he did was wrong, it was motivated by a sense of freedom for himself and from society because he killed the embodiment of what was to him, white ignorance. Despite him being in prison, he never felt so acknowledged and finally had an identity, which he had never had before.
Cross
In the novel, the burning cross symbolizes hope, hatred, and racism.
HATE
QOUTE: "and not tremble with fear that at this very moment some half-human black ape may be climbing through the windows of our homes to rape, murder, and burn our daughters! "
The black ape used during part three of the novel is dehumanizing black folk. It shows how people like Bigger are to be fear because they represent the idea that black folks are to not be trusted because you never know when they can turn and the whole idea is referring these black folks as animals.
Biggers murders explains that he was simply a victim of a community that faulted black folks. Simply the power one had over other
To Bigger, Mr. Dalton was worse than Mary and that became apparent as he began to see patterns in white behavior. Mr. Dalton already felt like he was saving Black people because he donated money and pool tables to Black communities, but was actively taking their money and robbing them of adequate housing as can be seen in the quote, "Even though Mr. Dalton gave millions of dollars for Negro education, he would rent houses to Negroes only in this prescribed area, this corner of the city tumbling down from rot." Mr. Dalton indirectly fueled the anger that brought Bigger to murder because he kept him poor and segregated from the world, which were two of Bigger's largest sources of anger.
Mary also played a crucial role in both of Bigger's awakenings because she was so caught up in being the savior of minorities and an advocate for justice that she was ignorant to the fact that she alone could not make a difference. In fact, she was adding to the issue by isolating Bigger's experiences and making him feel out of place by victimizing herself and pitying him rather than trying to understand as can be seen in the quote, "But they made him feel his black skin just by standing there looking at him... He felt he had no physical existence at all right then; he was something he hated, the badge of shame which he knew was attached to a black skin." In killing her, Bigger confronted the very thing that caused him years of suffering and fear, which put him on a path of his awakening.
The Effect on Racism Towards the Oppressed
Bigger living in a community where the white-owned everything especially Mr. Dalton made Bigger strikeout in the behavior he did because it is understood that white racism forces blacks into a state of mind that they are who they are, and they are intended to do something bad and it just a matter of time. As for Bigger, the racism towards the oppression was committing the murder of Marry Dalton and Bessie.
But to Mr. Dalton, who is a real estate operator, I say now: ‘You rent houses to Negroes in the Black Belt and you refuse to rent to them elsewhere. You kept Bigger Thomas in that forest. You kept the man who murdered your daughter a stranger to her and you kept your daughter a stranger to him.’
Fear
The fear that drove Bigger to anger and violence almost daily because he feels like he is walking on eggshells due to white people, is significantly decreased when he kills Mary because for once he overtook a white person. Even if it was an accident.
The cross in Native son when it is first introduced to Bigger represents hope but the falls hope towards Bigger because to Bigger the cross represents everything that the preacher, his mom, and "god", hope to justify his own actions and his own sacrifices as "God did". The cross makes Bigger upset because he does not believe God can be the one to help him through this especially the feeling of fear, getting anything in life, and hatred he lived in simply because he never truly believe nor seek god to truly help him.
Text evidence: “I didn’t like it. There was nothing in it. Aw, all they did was sing and shout and pray all the time. And it didn’t get ’em nothing. All the colored folks do that, but it don’t get ’em nothing. The white folks got everything.”
The cross also represents hatred and racism to Bigger when he is transported. The burning cross to Bigger symbolizes all he lived for was hate after hate and racism from the white folks all his life.
Textual evidence: Bigger laughed and approached the bed with the dangling rat, swinging it to and fro like a pendulum, enjoying his sister’s fear.
Textual evidence: “Put that box in front of the hole so he can’t get out!”
Text evidence: He kicked the splintered box out of the way and the flat black body of the rat lay exposed, its two long yellow tusks showing distinctly. Bigger took a shoe and pounded the rat’s head, crushing it, cursing hysterically:
Text evidence: A huge black rat squealed and leaped at Bigger’s trouser-leg and snagged it in his teeth, hanging on.
In all of his life these two murders were the most meaningful things that had ever happened to him.
There a specific incident during Bigger trial where he is taken back to the Dalton house to Marry bedroom with the officers and one of lawyers. As they arrived to Marry bedroom Bigger is forced to demontrates how he killed and "rape" Marry that night; however, Bigger refuses to do so and stand by a wall giving them their back. To Bigger this is rape because it take everything from him such as identity, being human, and simply ones own freedom.
“Mary! Is that you?”
Mrs. Dalton now stood over the bed. Her hands reached out and touched Mary.
“Mary! Are you asleep? I heard you moving about….”
In the novel Bigger Thomas biggest weakness is hate. Bigger growing up always lived in hate, the hate of his own skin color, the way he lived, being poor, and simply anyone who made him feel uncomftable, and simply made him weak.
The murder of Mary Dalton was Bigger's first and false awakening. He thought his life had amounted to his murders, especially Mary's because he feels like he finally overpowered a white person and made them an equal in his eyes. He feels a sudden sense of meaning to his life because he did something big and important that people would recognize as can be seen in the quote, "In all his life these two murders were the most meaningful things that had ever happened to him. He was living, truly and deeply, no matter what the others might think, looking at him with their blind eyes." He does not realize however, that he is yet to understand the issue or his motives.
The murder of Bessie was very different from the murder of Mary for Bigger. Killing Mary was an accident that stemmed from hatred, Bessie was more of a power high, but both were stemmed in fear of getting caught. Bessie's murder served as "proof" that he could rape and kill and has murdered multiple women. This was used against him in court and Bessie's murder was used as a piece of evidence and justification for Mary's murder which bothers Bigger, as can be seen in the quote, "He knew that Bessie, too, though dead, though killed by him, would resent her dead body being used in this way.” This plays a part in Bigger's second awakening because he sees the way in which Black people are dehumanized and viewed as worthless by the justice system and society as a whole.
The Hypocrisy of Justice
There is hypocrisy in the idea that though only one of these murders was a confirm rape and murder, the white woman's was prioritized and got a trial and justice because she was white with status.
The trail and going to prison as a whole I would say was the most significant trigger for Bigger's second awakening. Because Bigger was put in trail against a wealthy white family, he was able to see a lot of the racism that fueled the hefty punishment. It helped Bigger that Jan and Max were out there helping him understand why he did what he did and that though murder was not something to be proud of, he had strong motive. This is when Bigger realizes that white people are people too, not any better or worse than Black people as can be seen in the quote by Bigger, "his mind clothed it in an image of a strong blinding sun sending hot rays down and he was standing in the midst of a vast crowd of men, white men and black men and all men, and the sun's rays melted away the many differences, the colors, the clothes, and drew what was common and good upward toward the sun." Despite this indifference, the Black community was still oppressed and kept at the bottom. He did not realize how much his life was different and how much he had suffered needlessly due to racism.
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1930's Chicago
Racial Devision connect to setting because it represent a significant time period where racism and poverty between white and black folk's was significantly present
They say that black people are inferior. But, Bigger, they say that all people who work are inferior. And the rich people don’t want to change things; they’ll lose too much.
This quote helps represent not only black folk's being less than white premises but the idea of the division between one other. It is understood that during the Bigger trial social and racial inequality is not there. To be black people are inferior label them as less or second hand of everything. For white people to enforce social and racial inequality makes them lose a lot. So for Bigger the color of skins make him shame his people and himself because they will never have anything as long as there is no division between white and black.
Destiny Gamez-Andrea Hernandez-Paulina Trevino
1930's Chicago
During this time period, the KKK was active and were committing heinous acts against the black community.
Mr. Max
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