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CA PROSTAT, ANGGRAINI BARUS
1808260110 - Coggle Diagram
CA PROSTAT
Pathophysiology
- Cancer begins with a mutation in normal prostate glandular cells, usually beginning with the peripheral basal cells
- Prostate cancer is most common in the peripheral zone which is primarily that portion of the prostate that can be palpated via digital rectal examination (DRE).
- Prostate cancer is an adenocarcinoma as it develops primarily from the glandular part of the organ and shows typical glandular patterns on microscopic examination.
- The cancer cells grow and begin to multiply, initially spreading to the immediately surrounding prostate tissue forming a tumor nodule.
- Such a tumor may grow outside the prostate (extracapsular extension) or may remain localized within the prostate for decades.
- Prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to the bones and lymph nodes.
- Metastases to the bone are thought to be at least partially a result of the prostatic venous plexus draining into the vertebral veins.
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Diagnosis Approach
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History & Physical
History
LUTS
- Voiding (Poor stream. Intermittent stream, hesitancy, straining to void, terminal dribbling)
- Storage (Frequency, nocturia, urgency, urge incontinence)
- Post-micturition (Incomplete emptying, post-micturition dribble)
Physical
- Prostate cancer may also be associated with problems involving sexual function and performance, such as difficulty achieving an erection or painful ejaculation
- Metastatic prostate cancer can cause severe bone pain, often in the vertebrae, pelvis, hips or ribs. Spread into the femur is usually to the proximal part of the bone.
- Prostate cancer can result in spinal cord compression; causing tingling, leg weakness, pain, paralysis, and urinary as well as fecal incontinence.
- Digital rectal examination (DRE) may detect prostate abnormalities, asymmetry, and suspiciously hard nodules but is not considered a definitive test for prostate cancer by itself. An abnormal DRE initially uncovers about 20% of all prostate cancers.
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Defenition, Etiology & Risk Factor
Defenition
Cancer that forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.
Etiology & Risk Factor
- Genetics
- Gene mutations
- Aging
- Family history
- Diet & lifestyle
- Hormone
- Chemicals
- Geography
- Race/Ethnicity
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Complication & Prognosis
Complications
- Cancer that spreads (metastasizes)
- Incontinence
- Erectile dysfunction
Prognosis
- The most important and established indicators of prognosis for prostate carcinoma include the Gleason grade, the extent of tumor volume, and the presence of capsular penetration or margin positivity at the time of prostatectomy. High-grade prostate cancer, particularly the percentage of Gleason grades 4 and 5 that are present, is associated with adverse pathologic findings and disease progression. Conversely, low-grade prostate tumors are infrequently dangerous.
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Prevention
- Choose a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables.
- Choose healthy foods over supplements.
- Exercise most days of the week.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
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