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microbial carbohydrate metabolism, 10941027A黃宇菡, 10941019A李心慈, 10941025A…

- - - - Photoheterotroph
        
        use CO2 as carbon
        sources
        
        green & purple sulfur bacteria
        
        cyanobacteria
        
        Chemoautotroph
        
        use organic
        
        Photoautotroph
        
        use organic
        compounds as carbon sources.
        
        (green & purple nonsulfur bacteria)
        
        Chemoheterotroph
        
        use inorganic
        
        Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
    - - light-dependent reaction
        
        conversion of light energy into chemical energy(ATP and NADPH)
      - light-independent reaction
        
        ATP and NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via the Calvin-Benson cycle
- - - - Krebs cycle
        
        Place of occurrence
        
        mitochondria matrix
        
        Produce
        
        6NADH
        
        2FADH
        
        Oxidation of succinyl CoA to succinic acid
        
        reaction process
        
        2.Acetyl CoA+C4 compound->citric acid->C5 compound->C4 compound
        
        1.Pyruvic acid+CoA-> Acetyl CoA+CO2
      - Glycolysis
        
        process
        
        Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO−, and a hydrogen ion, H+.
        
        principle
        
        Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful rather than just utilized as steps in the overall reaction
        
        Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway
        
        Produce
        
        ATP
        
        NADH
      - Oxidative Phosphorylation,ETC
        
        Place of occurrence
        
        The inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
        
        Prokaryotic cell membrane
        
        ETC
        
        ETC, also known as the respiratory chain, is part of oxidative phosphorylation
        
        Place of occurrence
        
        mitochondria membrane
        
        principle
        
        由輔酶NADH+H+和FMNH2和FADH2提供氫原子
        
        本質是一個氫氧化合為水的放熱反應
        
        Produce
        
        32 or 34 ATP
  - - - Fermentation
        
        Lactic acid fermentation
        
        Heterolactic
        
        Produces lactic acid and other compounds
        
        Homolactic
        
        Produces lactic acid only
        
        Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid.
        
        No release of CO2
        
        Lactic acid can be sent to the liver through blood circulation
        
        Lactic acid is converted to glucose
        
        當肌肉細胞進行無氧呼吸，產生的乳酸會導致肌肉酸痛
        
        example
        
        Lactobacillus
        
        process
        
        One molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
        
        glucose + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+
        
        Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid by NADH
        
        2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ → 2 lactic acid + 2 NAD+
        
        Alcohol fermentation
        
        Glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide
        
        process
        
        One molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
        
        glucose + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+
        
        Converts into acetaldehyde after releasing carbon dioxide
        
        2 pyruvate → 2 CO2 + 2 acetaldehyde
        
        Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol by NADH
        
        2 acetaldehyde + 2 NADH + 2 H+ → 2 ethanol + 2 NAD+
        
        植物的細胞進行無氧呼吸所產生的乙醇物質，會導致植物不能正常生長，種子不能發芽
    - - Doesn't require oxygen
      - Doesn't use the Krebs cycle or ETC
      - Organic molecule is the final electron acceptor
        
        Oxidized substances such as nitrate or sulfate
        
        Synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation