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A ‘world city’ is defined as a large city that has outstripped its national urban network and become part of an international global system. They have IMPORTANCE to the operation of this global system.
Dominant World CitiesTHE BIG FOUR - New York, London, Paris, Tokyo
However smaller cities can also gain global city status
San Francisco (high tech)Zurich (global finance); Brussels (Headquarters of EU & NATO)
- Command and control centre
- economic and cultural significance
- Decision making
- clustered around corporate core
- TNC's Headquarters ( lower Manhattan NY, The city London, Marunouchi Tokyo, la Defense Paris)
previously global corporations were responsible for manufacturing products NOW it is the export of ideas and services
- World cities have a big influence on the world because of their wealth and commercial strength.
- They exist in a borderless domain of the new global economy.
- They are a centre for finance, trade, politics and culture.
EMERGENCE
The age of colonialism and imperialism, combined with Industrial Revolution, started a new era in the growth of world cities. (post 1715)
Globalisation – world cities actively engaged with the globalisation processes – specialising in finance, professional and business services, media and communication
In future – these cities will adapt and transition to emerging industries – digital technologies, life sciences, climate, energy and water, urban services and robotics. World cities will house 60% of people globally (by 2030, UN report)
- Command and control centre
- economic and cultural significance
- Decision making
- clustered around corporate core
- TNC's Headquarters ( lower Manhattan NY, The city London, Marunouchi Tokyo, la Defense Paris)
previously global corporations were responsible for manufacturing products NOW it is the export of ideas and services
- World cities have a big influence on the world because of their wealth and commercial strength.
- They exist in a borderless domain of the new global economy.
- They are a centre for finance, trade, politics and culture.
EMERGENCE
The age of colonialism and imperialism, combined with Industrial Revolution, started a new era in the growth of world cities. (post 1715)
Globalisation – world cities actively engaged with the globalisation processes – specialising in finance, professional and business services, media and communication
In future – these cities will adapt and transition to emerging industries – digital technologies, life sciences, climate, energy and water, urban services and robotics. World cities will house 60% of people globally (by 2030, UN report)
CHARACTERISTICS
Economic characteristics:
- Corporate headquarters for Transnational Corporations (TNCs), international financial institutions and law firms. They have a stock exchange that has global influence, eg Nasdaq, FTSE.
- Financial service provision e.g., banks, insurance and accountancy firms.
- Some significantly wealthy inhabitants e.g., number of billionaires. E.g. I 2008 New York was the home to 71 billionaires and London 36, which increased to 113 and 66 in 2019, respectively.
Political characteristics:
- They have an active influence on and participation in international events and world affairs; for e.g. New York is the Host to the General Assembly of the United Nations.
- A large population: e.g. Tokyo 37 million, New York 18 million and London 9 million (2020)
- Diverse population (race, religion, education standards etc) E.g. 200 languages spoken, 40 percent of the NYC population was born outside of the United States.
- Expatriate communities e.g. it is estimated that 138,000 expatriate French people live in London in 2008 which increased to 191,000 in 2019.
Cultural characteristics:
- Renowned cultural institutions, such as museums and art galleries; notable opera companies and orchestras; well-known theatres:
- A strong sporting community, including major sports facilities, home teams in premier league sports, and the ability and experience to host international sporting events
- Educational Insitutions - renowned universities
- Cities containing World Heritage Sites of historical and cultural significance
- A strong tourism industry.
Infrastructure Characteristics
- advanced transportation system - including mass transit network with multiple modes of transport
- major international airport - an established hub for several international airlines
- advanced communication infrastructure - to support TNC's, fibre optics, wifi networks, mobile phone services
- Health facilities - hospitals, medial laboratories
- prominent skylines
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