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Managing Stress and Crisis in Families. - Coggle Diagram
Managing Stress and Crisis in Families.
KEY FINDINGS & THEMES
Linkages & Relationships
Sources of stress: Economic, Social, Physical
Cycle of events: unemployment-parental depression-marital struggles-harsh discipline and overreactions to children-limited family resources ie limited food, public housing, overcrowed and low funded schools-children externalize with aggression-additional stress on parents.
Intergenerational patterns develop
Protective factors: effective developed problem solving and coping skills. Family cohesion, families ability to demonstrate resiliency. Optimistic about learning skills and strategies for positive change. Social and community supports and resources.
Risk Factors: education level, preexisting mental health disorders of caregivers, unhealthy or lack of coping skills.
Childhood mental illness or behavior disorders cause an increased level of stress on the family system
Interventions
Systemic approaches
Family Therapy
Evidenced based parenting interventions
Early childhood interventions
Short-term interventions vs long-term
Psychoeducation- group, individual or family
IMPLICATIONS
More research on the importance of unique family situations and adaptation.
The importance of mental health of caregivers, emotional expression and the impacts on systemic relationships.
The need for larger cross-cultural studies on effective interventions.
The need for longitudinal studies on other family members stress on the child other than the mother.
More resources and tools to help caregivers and extended families manage the specific mental health needs of the child.
The need for more social peer support groups as therapeutic options.
The need for more mental health programs with the reduction of the mental health stigma.
The need for mental health providers to increase specialization training to increase effectiveness of treatment.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
Do some parental stressors have greater impact than others on childhood outcomes?
What are the different in disparities based on economic resources of the country?
Is the mental health concerns of the parent or the child that causes more, less or no differential in stress on the family system?
What are the impacts of placing a child in the care of a foster family of a different race?
LIMITATIONS
More responses and survey participation from Mothers compared to Fathers.
Parent report vs. Child report
Limited longitudinal data.
Studies conducted in developed countries.
Lack of studies on parental stress with older children ie teenagers.
Populations surveyed limited to geographical locations therefore more often lacking diversity.
The available community resources available to different populations.
Inability to know exactly what led to decreased stress and improvements in family cohesion: intervention, community resources, number of stressors in lives, types of stressors, early intervention, parental mental well-being, etc.
Married couples vs. single parents.
Sample sizes that target low income families have an overwhelming higher rate of minority participants.
Inability to decipher medication effects on participants
Self-perceived/reported information participants
CULTURE & DIVERSITY
Limited resources for underprivileged or low socioeconomic families - mental health inequalities disproportionate among race.
More research is needed on the intergenerational transmission among different cultures.
Stress levels of parents with the same behavioral diagnosis differ based on culture, race, and geographical locations.
Foster families and blended families face different stressors from cultural norms and expectations.
LEGAL & PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES
Families have the right to an interpertar to prevent any language barriers to understand treatment options.
Families should never be discriminated against based on race, class or gender.
Families have the right to cultural considerations within treatment models and interventions.
Parental stress and its impact on families can impact family functioning with long-term effects on the entire system. Internal/external stressors are intergenerational causing systemic issues. Stress and crisis management interventions can aid in interrupting the cycle.
DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORKS & CONCEPTS
Parenting Stress Index-measures internal factors of capabilites. Adjustment vs. Stress
Express Emotion (EE)
Hostility
Emotional overdevelopment
Family Stress and Family Quality of Life (FQoL)
Supports/resources
Physical well-being
Emotional well-being
Parenting
Family interaction
Family Adjustment and Adaptation
Response (FAAR) model
Adjustment or Adaptation: how the family responds and adapts the stressor within the system rules.
Capabilities: Use of resources and coping skills.
Demands: life stressors.
Meanings: how the family defines the stressor.
ABC-X Model
Available resources
Families perception of the event
The stressor
Likelihood of a crisis
Physiological theories
KEY TERMS
STRESS: set of reactions that cause pressure for adaptation within the system. When there is a threat of a lack of resource.
CAREGIVERS: person in charge of another well-being expected to meets daily living needs. Family or professional.
TYPICAL FAMILIES: the absences of severe mental health struggles.
COMMON DIFFICULTIES:struggles that are seen in families as they pass through various stages of the family life cycle.