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Ecology: Driving Force of Natural Selection - Coggle Diagram
Ecology: Driving Force of Natural Selection
Distribution (where)
Equator: 80% primates
Total: 650+ species
Madagascar: 103
Asia
Golden Snub Nosed Monkey in China:
low + vegetarian -> mountains + bark, pine cone
Snow monkey in Japan: hardy macaque, hottubs
South America
Squirrel monkey: large distribution
Cotton-top tamarin: only in Northern Colobus
Uakari: only Amazon bank
Golden Lion Tamarin: only Brazil
inbreed
once <400
Africa: only some rainforests, most are dry
Savanna baboon: most widely distributed
chimp: wide in Central Africa
talapoin (smallest OW): small distribution
Gelada Baboon
South Africa: Kruger National Park
vervet
nocturnal galago (prosimian)
baboon
coexist
Nocturnal or Diurnal
larger = diurnal
prosimian: tree lemur, indri & sifaka
smaller = noctural
owl monkey (NW monkey)
Habitat
Deciduous seasonal forest -> temporal woodland
Mountane (mountain) forest
Rainforest (Amazon)
never come down to ground
adaptation: internal (small) & external (large: howler, spider safer)
Grassland savannah (woodland mosaic -> desert)
risk of predation
Patas monkey: come down to ground
water is important, but predator!
Carry Capacity (# primates, # species)
Black Water Forest
lower carrying capacity than a clear "white water" forest
black = nutrients from soil to water
white = nutrients kept by tree
Fragmentation/Degraded Habitat
common marmoset in fragmented habitat
more reliance on sap
reduced diurnal activity
research uses poops for gut bacteria
cause more parasites (black howler monkeys)
smaller groups (100 -> 10)
Niche Specialization (food)
insectivore
small primates eat bugs
gummivore
marmoset
frugivore: fruit
orangutans = solitary forager
Mast Fruiting: come together
longest inter-birth interval of primate (5-6 yr)
harder to find fruit = smarter
NW spider monkey (smarter than howler)
NW capuchin: brain/body size > chimps, only smaller tha human
fig tree - most common, important fruit tree
most primates eat some fruit -> flexible
seed predator = digest seed
saki monkey
reduce # of competing siblings
poor soil, low nutrient: seed cover, legume, leave, fruit
4%
Wolf's Mona monkey in Zaire
seed disperser = pass seed
spider monkey
fertilize, spread furthur
78%
fleshy fruit
Crested Mona monkey in Gabon
alcohol = fermeted fruit
primates prefer alcohol
folivore: leaves
bigger body size = more % leaves
exception: sportive lemur, langur, howler (less smart than spider), colobus, gorilla
hind-gut fermenter (transmit time 1 day)
3 lemurs in Madagascar: appendix + long intestine + bacteria
macaque: 20-30% leaves
huge difference between humans & apes in saliva enzyme:
more starch for human
leaves -> bark, black stain teeth and tongue
Plants
alkaloid level
howler monkey only eat part of leaves to limit alkaloid level
cyanide
gentle lemur = bamboo (poisonous) specialist can detoxify
Self-medication
benzoquinone & cyanide to repel mosquito
tristemma coronatum by chimps
anti-bacteria + anti-fungal
opportunistic omnivore (carnivore)
capuchin
chimp: active, cooperative hunters of
monkeys + bugs + galago (by spear)
baboon
George Schaller (UW grad)
1st major field study on mountain gorilla
Food availability & Strategy
predictable -> clumped (e.g. probistic monkey)
unpredictable -> sparse (e.g. orangs)
Sympatric (coexist) /Allopatric
no complete competitors can co-exist = vertical distribution
allopatric: chimp & bonobo
Syncology
8 sympayric species
Vertical distribution
bigger -> upper, dangerous
smaller -> lower
squirrel monkey's favorite:
bugs, no compete with vegetarian big monkeys
Strategy
K: most primates = want babies to survive
stable, predictable
fewer offspring
longer life
slow development
high parental invest
large body size
intraspecific compet
mortality steady
R
variable, unpredictable
high reproduction rate
high infant mortality
fast development
low parental invest
small body size
variable population #
catastrophic
Food choice -> appearance
coconut -> aye-aye's special teeth
dental comb
(tarsier large eyes)
cheek-pouched monkeys,
omnivorous after ground in Africa & Asia
poisoinous bamboo -> gentle lemur
use poisonous secretion to expel insects
Predator/Prey Relationships
baboons most killed by leopards: 58/75, also snake
Anti-predator Defense Strategies
larger group
multi-male group
larger size
communication and social strategies (predator call)
sifaka call to brown lemurs to chase predatory birds away
leap locomotion
outsmart (larger brain)
hide, avoid some habitats
sleep on caves
high reproductive rate to overcome high mortality
Madagascar
fossa
yellow-billed kite
striped civet
ground boa
Ella the sifaka & George the boa,
friends and family risked their lives to save Sifaka
1 pair of bird = 47 monkeys / month
chimps predominantly preys on red colobus monkeys,
switch to B&W colobus monkeys
more hunters = more success
Parasite
baboons = day on ground, night in tree
Avoid
1-2 day in each grove
also harder for predators
9.1 days to return
intestinal nematode
2-3 days to hatch
infectious for 4.5 days
neutralized by sun, dry; removed by beetles
60%+ capuchin infected with endoparasites
Herpex simplex
squirrel monkey
latent virus
vertical transmission (mom -> child)
infectious and lethal to owl monkeys, tamarins, marmosets, spider monkeys
not problematic for capuchin
Kibale Forest
E. coli transmitted across species