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Respiratory System ENDORDERM - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System
ENDORDERM
General
Function
Environment to exchange gases
air is drawn into the body (diaphragm/intercostal muscles)
air cleaned by removal of particles and warmed
In lung parenchyma, oxygen extracted, Co2 leaves
Speech and smell
Division
Functional
Conducting Portion
(clean, warm, humidify
nasal cavities
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Portion
gas exchange
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts, sacs
alveoli
Anatomical/Clinical
Upper respiratory tract
nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
nasopharynx
Lower respiratory tract
larynx
trachea
bronchi
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli
Mucociliary Escalator
Covers most of bronchi, bronchioles,
and nose
Composed of mucus producing goblet cells
and ciliated epithelium
Cilia beat and push up mucus, expectorated
or swallowed
Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal Cavities
external nares to nasopharynx
2 separated by nasal septum
Respiratory portion
ciliated pseudostratified
with goblet cells on middle
and inferior nasal conchae
upper part of of nasal septum
covered by
specialized olfactory epithelium
lamina propia lot of blood vessels and
serous and mucous glands
mucous secretions trap particles to expectorate them
serous secretions humidify air
blood vessels warm the air
Paranasal sinuses, air filled bony cavities
Olfactory Portion
superior nasal conchae and
upper portion of nasal septum
lined by olfactory epithelium,
bipolar neurons
Has support and olfactory cells
right below olfactory bulb
Vestibule
beings with skin, coarse hairs
and sebaceous glands secretions to
trap particulate matter
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
then switch to respiratory epithelium
(ciliated pseudostrat)
Nasopharynx
behind (posterior) nasal cavities
continuous with laryngopharynx
Abrasion areas
non-keratinized
Non-Abrasion areas
ciliated pseudostratified
similar epithelium to nasal cavity
but
lymphoid tissue dominant feature
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx
Function
air passageway and speech
Vocal Box
in lateral wall
with laryngeal ventricle
Ventricular/Vestibular/False vocal Fold
respiratory epithelium, NO MOVE
lots of glands underneath
Vocal/True Vocal fold
MOVES
stratified squamous (more resistant)
lot of muscle underneath
Vocalis Muscle
skeletal muscle, modulates
tension in vocal folds
abducted (chords away from each other)
Adducted (close to each other)
Adam's apple
more cartilage
longer chords
Structure
tubular with irregular hyaline plates
(thyroid,cricoid, paired arytenoid)
elastic cartilage (paired corniculate
and cuneiform)
epiglottis, elastic cartilage, covers
entrance when swallowing
Trachea
general
from larynx to bronchi
conduit for air and warming
fibroelastic tissue
permits expansion
Submucosa
fibroelastic connective tissue
with glands, diffuse lymphatic tissue
and large venous sinuses
Mucosa
ciliated pseudostratified
with goblet cells
glands, blood vessels and MALT
Cartilage support
c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
connected by smooth muscle
(trachealis muscle)
contraction reduced
diameter (coughing)
adjacent rings connected
by fibroelastic tissue
Lungs
in pleural cavities
should be pink
Anatomy
Right
3 lobes
Left
2 lobes
Pleura
Parietal
line thoracic cavity
Cavity
space in between,
not much fluid
Visceral
covers lungs, mesothelium
cuboidal cells
Tubes
Bronchi
Secondary
for each lobe
Tertiary
for bronchopulmonary segments
(+1 artery and 1 vein)
Primary
most cartilage rings completely
encircle the lumen in primary bronchi
as diameter decreases, cartilage rings are
replaces with smaller hyaline plates
small mucous and serous
glands are abundant
smooth and elastic fibers become
more prominent in smaller branches
Terminal Bronchioles
last part of
conduction portion
1st part without
CARTILAGE support
star-shaped lumen
Submucosa
loose connective tissue
with no glands
Cartilage support
none
Mucosa
ciliated simple columnar
to ciliated cuboidal
Clara cells
with microvilli
secrete surfactant,
reserve cells
no glands, complete
muscular mucosa
Respiratory Bronchioles
first part of respiratory
portion, gas exchange
ciliated simple cuboidal
and Clara cells and alveoli
in mucosa
thin lamina propia
no muscular mucosa
occasional bundles of smooth
muscle
Alveolar Ducts
lead to individual alveoli and sacs
low cuboidal, NO CILIA
little lamina propia
occasional smooth muscle fibers
Alveoli
singly (alveolus)
in groups (alveolar sacs)
Supporting Tissue
thin layer beneath epithelium
fine reticular, collagen, and elastic fiber
few fibroblasts and macrophages
derived from circulating monocytes
Continuous capillaries
form extensive plexus around
each alveolus
Surface Epithelium
Type I alveolar cells
squamous cells part
of the gas diffusion barrier
Type II
rounded cells, round nuclei
prominent nucleoli, secrete
surfactant and serve as stem cells
Primary bronchi --> secondary bronchi --> tertiary bronchi
--> smaller bronchi --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles
--> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sac
--> alveolus
Clinical Correlation
Anosmia
loss of smelling ability, trauma to bone
or damage to epithelium by drugs
Small Cell Carcinoma of Larynx
strat squamous, dysplastic changes
RF:
cigarette and alcohol
Malignant Mesothelioma
RF: asbestos, (smoking NOT)
SCC of the lung
Squamous metaplasia --> dysplasia
RF: smoking
Pleural Effusion
(tube)
hemothorax, chylothorax, pyothorax
Pneumothorax
(tube)
accumulation of air in pleural space