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B3 (spreading diseases, Human Defence System, Symptoms of Common Viruses,…
B3
spreading diseases
When a pathogen invades an organism (animal or plant), it can cause an infection.
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Vaccination can make people immune to infection. The more individuals that are vaccinated, the less likely the disease is to spread.
Human Defence System
The immune system is made up of lots of different white blood cells, which each have different functions.
antibiotics
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Antibiotic Resistance
Within a population of bacteria, some will have random mutations (random change in DNA).
The mutated bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and so they are able to survive, whilst the non-resistant bacteria die.
The resistant bacteria can reproduce rapidly because their competition (the non-resistant bacteria) has been destroyed by the antibiotic.
When the resistant bacteria reproduce, they produce genetically-identical copies. These copies will all be resistant to the antibiotics.
When resistant bacteria reproduce, they produce genetically identical copies, all of which are resistant to the antibiotics.
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What is the name of the proteins that are produced by white blood cells, and found on the surface of cells?
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Antibiotics
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are drugs developed to cure infections caused by bacteria. Some antibiotics work by destroying the cell wall of the bacteria so that they can't replicate.
Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because these organisms stay inside host cells and are not living cells.
Antibiotics are designed to cure infections that are caused by bacteria. This man seems to have a bacterial infection.
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Within a population of bacteria, some will have random mutations (random change in DNA).
The mutated bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and so they are able to survive, whilst the non-resistant bacteria die.
The resistant bacteria can reproduce rapidly because their competition (the non-resistant bacteria) has been destroyed by the antibiotic.
When the resistant bacteria reproduce, they produce genetically-identical copies. These copies will all be resistant to the antibiotics.
Symptoms of Common Viruses, Bacterial infections, fungal infections and protist infections
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Bacteria, Fungi & Protists
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fungi
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that have bodies made up of hyphae (thread-like structures). The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.
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cells
white blood cells
function
phagocytosis
A white blood cell finds the pathogen and engulfs it by changing shape. The white blood cell ingests (absorbs) and digests the pathogen, destroying it.
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Antigens are proteins found on the surface of some cells. These antigens each have a specific shape and act like signals to allow cell recognition. White blood cells can recognise foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies. Antibodies have a complementary shape to the antigen and lock onto the pathogen, effectively ‘tagging’ them.
vaccine
Vaccination is the main technique used for helping the immune system to recognise and destroy pathogens. Immunising a large proportion (or percentage) of the population will make it very hard for a pathogen to be spread.
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If the same pathogen invades the body again, the memory cells are able to produce antibodies faster and produce more antibodies, meaning that the antibody concentration remains in the blood for longer.
Next time the same pathogen infects the vaccinated person, it will be destroyed by the immune system before it can cause illness.
Drug Development
What are painkillers?
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They do not cure diseases or kill pathogens, but they do relieve the symptoms.
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Nowadays, most drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry.
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