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issues and debates 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - gender and cultural bias is a threat to universality to findings in psychology
  - - - these differences are presented as fixed or inevitable and typically leads to undervaluing women
    - - intra-sexual selection - male centred method involving quantity over quality, males interest involves producing a high number of offspring to pass their genes to
      - inter-sexual selection - female centred method involving quality over quantity and refers to 'preserving genes' to ensure healthy survival of relatively few offspring
      - this theory suggests that sexual promiscuity it is innate for men and for women who engage in the same behaviour it is seen as them going against their 'nature'
        
        this is therefore an example of how gender differences are exaggerated in psychological theories
  - - - findings are then applied universally despite not being studied using female subjects - therefore female experiences are ignored
    - - research was primarily on male subjects - mainly because female hormones fluctuate
      - the findings were then assumed to be a universal response to threat/stress
      - Taylor et al. suggests that female biology has now evolved to inhibit the fight or flight response
  - - - female behaviour is then seen as 'abnormal'
    - - critics claim that PMS is a social construct that medicalises the female experience and emotions - especially anger - by explaining it through hormonal terms
        
        male anger however is seen as a 'rational response' to external pressures
  - - - P: gender biased research can lead to misleading assumptions about female behaviour by not challenging negative stereotypes and allow room for discriminatory practices
      - E: this can provide scientific 'justification' to denying women opportunities in life - e.g. the workplace or even in wider life ("PMSing")
      - E: when male behaviour becomes the 'norm' it leads to other genders feeling that their behaviour is abnormal or strange - Carol Tavris "it becomes normal for women to feel abnormal"
      - L: therefore gender bias in research not only has methodological issues (fight or flight) but also has implications that affect the lives and experiences of women
    - - P: there is a lack of women appointed to senior research levels
      - E: male researchers more likely to have work published and work that has evidence of gender differences more likely to be published than those that don't
      - E: this means that meaning that many female concerns are not reflected in the research questions, which undermines the female experience
      - L: this means that psychology