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South Africa - everything that I can remember - Coggle Diagram
South Africa - everything that I can remember
Before 1910
Boer Wars 1899-1902
British vs Afrikaaners
With a victory for the British
White man's war so little black involvement
25% of the Afrikaaner population died
Concentration camps set up by British for the Afrikaaners
Afrikaaners began to feel like a persecuted minority and this helped increase resentment towards Jan Smuts and the United Party
Mining industry after precious minerals discovered
Black people treated horribly, increased segregation and discrimination
1910-1948
1910 - Act of Union created a government under the British controlled United Party led by Jan Smuts (opposed by Afrikaaners)
1913 - Native Land Act meant black people couldn't own property and hard for them to rent except in separate areas.
Crop sharing and other beneficial practices banned.
1911 - Delegation of black people wanted to go to the UK to appeal for greater freedoms and human rights - not represented in government
Denied access and were unable to go
Impact of WW2
White men went off to fight increasing the need for black labour in cities - previously mainly used as cheap labour in farms and agriculture
Increasing wages for black people and they had rising expectations of freedom and equality
Mineral resources discovered were increasingly important and the economy boomed
Government supported the Allies under a British controlled government - resented by German/Dutch origin Afrikaaners with the Nazis gaining a strong following in South West Africa
Many black people fought for the British and died in WW1
National Party rose to power, winning the election in 1948
More conservative and segregationist than the United Party
Mostly supported by Afrikaaners - exploiting Nationalism to gain power as they saw the British as colonialists on their territory - despite the Afrikaaners being colonialists themselves
Creation of separate banks away from the British and gained support through printing and churches
Exploited white fears of black violence
Increasing black activity and protests against treatment under the white governments
Segregationist ideas - used the Sauer Report which called for total segregation as doing otherwise would be equivalent to national suicide
Black wages were now 1/4 of whites and had increasing presence in urban areas - good for industrialists and bad for farmers - to ease this they promised farmers cheap labour as well as maintaining their urban presence for industrialists
Why did the United Party lose the election?
Support for the National Party among the Afrikaaners - ideas of unity were being promoted
Resentment for Jan Smuts who not only supported the Allies but also talked of democracy abroad which the white population didn't like as they knew they were the minority
Based election campaign on the Fagan Commission which called for greater integration in urban areas and a slower (not total) integration of the races - hardline segregationists opposed to this
Opposition before 1948
Indian Resistance
Led by Mahatma Ghandi who held non-violent protests against the lack of representation for Indian people
Helped the ANC later to develop peaceful methods of protest
However, nothing changed - had a tiny bit of power compared to black people but unable to impact the regime
Tensions between black and Indian groups who often ended in conflict - not helping the cause as they became increasingly seen as violent
ANC
Policy of being respectful to white leaders in the hope that in the long run they would be accepted and help make change
Refused to work with Communists or Indian groups
Trade Unions
Out of all the groups they gained the most success however, they were banned in 1922
At their peak they had around 100,000 members - especially among mine workers
Strike to protest against low wages and poor treatment
Communist resistance
Protesting the treatment of black people as they were seen as the proletariat that would lead the nation to communist revolution
Often mistrusted by other groups who saw them as secular and didn't want to work with them - fear of communism
Popular among mineworkers especially, had hard conditions which often drove people to the communists
Black segregationist groups
Some people actually supported segregation and wanted a separate nation away from white people
Opposition 1948-55
Defiance campaign 1952
Protest that
Segregationist policies under Malan
1953 Bantu Education Act
Lack of equipment - severely impacted the futures of a whole generation who had poor quality teaching who were then unable to get jobs in the future - long term impacts
Tried to indoctrinate the children through an education that taught black people they were inferior
Taught in 'tribal' languages and reduced funding per child
1952 Abolition of the Passes Act
Despite women protesting, they were forced to use them, contrast to when they had previously been allowed not to do so
Made people feel alienated in their own country
Extended the pass system to make it illegal for people not to carry them
1950 Group Areas Act
Long term impact as it laid the basis for the Bantustans policy
Never truly enforced until the creation of the Bantustans
These areas were often not very fertile with a lack of infrastructure or investment
Separate areas theoretically allocated to black people based on ethnicity
1953 Separate Amenities Act
Allocated areas for black people were worse
'Petty' Apartheid - the separating of benches, hotels, beaches and other public areas
1950 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages
Huge social impacts as people killed themselves if they were pregnant with a mixed race child or couldn't marry those they loved
Prevented the mixing of races
1950 Population Registration Act
Began the separation by defining people based on their skin colour
Used baseless tests and throughout the Apartheid regime people moved between groups due to natural variation
Separated people into 4 groups with white, 'coloured', asian or black