Kounin- The most effective teachers are those who could maintain a steady lesson pace, avoid distractions and time-wasting, and gain student attention and commitment to work quickly. Kounin identified nine teacher ‘tricks of the trade’ that may promote on-task student behaviour in lessons: Ripple effect, overlapping, withitness, momentum, smoothness, group alerting, accountability, high-participation lesson formats, ineffective teaching and jerkiness