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Scarlet Fever - Coggle Diagram
Scarlet Fever
Known Outbreak(s)
Between around 1820-1880, there was a huge outbreak or epidemic of Scarlet Fever around Europe and North America.
At the same time, physicians all around the world were also discovering more about Scarlet Fever, including diagnosis and characteristics. People were learning how to differentiate this disease from others, for example the classic “rash” or “exanthem” as well as a sore throat, inflammation of lymph nodes and abcessing of the throat and tonsils.
That being said, many people were also unfamiliar with this disease and therefore did not pay much attention, which therefore would have led to them getting the disease and unknowingly spreading it.
Another outbreak of Scarlet Fever in around March 1998 in Texas, the United States, was reported. This was considered the “return” of Scarlet Fever, because since the 1800s, there have only been the occasional contractions of the disease.
26 people within Texas were killed during this outbreak, including nine children. Health officials had no explanation for what could have caused such a surge, but a Health Department Spokesman, Doug McBride, said it may be partially attributable to recent changes in reporting procedures.
It turned out that before 1998, during the 1980s there had been a series of outbreaks as well.
Disease
Bacterial infection
caused by the bacteria: Group A Streptococcus
also known as
scarletina
mostly affects children
Anyone can get infected from the disease, but most cases (about 80%) of scarlet fever occur in children under 10 (usually between two and eight years of age) (NHS Inform).
clinical features
When one has this disease, they should start with having a fever and a sore throat. as this progresses, one might start getting headaches, vomiting and getting abdominal pain.
Continuing, this disease causes a distinctive "strawberry"-like appearance to one's tongue, meaning that the tongue appears red and bumpy. If this gets more seirous, it becomes "raspberry" tongue, which becomes a deeper red.
A rash would commonly begin on the first or second day of the illness, in the texture of sandpaper, occuring on the upper trunk (chest area) and the neck.
The rash then spreads to the limbs, becoming more prominent in the armpits, elbows and groin areas. However it should calm down by a week or so but results in skin peeling in the fingertip, toes and groin areas.
then vs now
Living Conditions
Country
Specific Examples
Treatment
Benefits
Antibiotics can prevent infection (in some cases, such as before surgery).
Antibiotics are fast; some will begin working within a few hours.
They are easy to take. Most antibiotics are oral medications. Your doctor may decide to give you an injection, if it is imperative that the medicine gets into your system quickly.
Antibiotics can slow the growth of and kill many types of bacteria, diseases or infections
Limitations
If antibiotics are taken too often, one’s body could potentially build a resistance to antibiotic drugs, which could cause antibiotics to become less effective overall.
Some antibiotics can have side effects, from digestive issues to bone damage to sensitivity to sunlight. Make sure to read the fine print that comes with your medicine, so that you know the risks.
If the course of treatment is too long, damage can be done to the immune system.
Penicillin: Anti-Biotic
one of the oldest anti biotics
six groups of penicillin:
Benzylpenicillin
Oral alternatives of benzylpenicillin
ß-lactamase-stable penicillins
Extended-spectrum penicillins
penicillins active against
pseudomonas
ß-lactamase-resistant penicillins
Discovered in 1928
Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish researcher, is credited with the discovery of penicillin in 1928
the first naturally occurring antibiotic drug discovered and used therapeutically
transmission
Scarlet Fever is extremely contagious.
Scarlet fever is very contagious
breathing in bacteria in airborne droplets
from an infected person's coughs / sneezes
touching the skin of someone with streptococcal skin infection
sharing contaminated towels, baths, clothes or bed linen
Some people don’t have any symptoms but carry the bacteria in their throat or on their skin. They are called carriers, and they can unknowingly spread the virus.
association
scarlet fever can be associated with middle ear infection, throat abscess, chest infection, meningitis, bone or joint problems, damage to kidneys, liver and heart, and rarely toxic shock syndrome, if serious.