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Typhoid - Coggle Diagram
Typhoid
Links for Citing later
https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/48.html
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Typhoid-Fever-History.aspx
https://www.who.int/csr/don/27-december-2018-typhoid-pakistan/en/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2d68mn/revision/5
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal
)
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/typhoid-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378661
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156859
http://medicinethroughtime.co.uk/history/history-of-medicine/public-health-industrial-revolution/typhoid/#.YFwiYkgza3I
https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/industrial-revolution/diseases-in-industrial-cities-in-the-industrial-revolution/#:~:text=Typhoid%20and%20typhus%20were%20as,typhus%20was%20carried%20by%20lice.&text=In%20the%20overcrowded%20tenements%20of,spread%20the%20disease%20very%20easily
.
www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/typhoid
https://www.coalitionagainsttyphoid.org/how-was-typhoid-eliminated-in-the-past/
Typhoid during the IR
Treatment and knowledge of the disease back then:
It was only til the end of the 19th century then that knowledge of what caused disease and illness had improved considerably. Improvements under the Public Health Acts, vaccination against diseases like smallpox and better personal hygiene had helped to combat diseases. However, many problems remained.
The first effective vaccine for typhoid was developed by British pathologist Almroth Edward Wright and was introduced for military use in 1896. This made a significant improvement to the health of soldiers at war, who were more likely to be killed by typhoid than in war at that time.
Karl Joseph Eberth was the first to describe the bacillus that was suspected to cause typhoid in 1880. Four years later, Georg Gaffky was a pathologist that confirmed this link, naming the bacillus Eberthella typhi, which is known today as Salmonella enterica.
It was found abundant in industrial cities
It was also found abundant in military and war areas.
Main reason of typhoid back then was contaminated water
Modern problem & solution
Current scientific solution
There are also prevention for typhoid, which is vaccinations. There are two vaccines to prevent typhoid fever. One is an inactivated (killed) vaccine and the other is a live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine.
Preventions without any vaccinations/drugs include:
Good management of food hygiene
Hygienic food storagement
Avoiding contaminated food and water
Careful procedures of cooking food
Good management of personal hygiene
The only effective TREATMENT for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone
Current outbreaks
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are most common in parts of the world with poor sanitation. This includes parts of Asia (especially India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the Middle East.
Caused by pathogenn type: BACTERIA
Bacteria type: Salmonella enterica
Transmission: Fecal-oral, from feces and urine of infected people to contaminated food
E.g. if food and water was not stored or cooked in hygienic methods, if waste of infected people wasn't disposed properly and got into the water system, etc
Incubation period: Range of 3-60 days, most commonly 7-14 days
About 2 to 5% of patients will become carriers of the bacteria and they may require long-term treatment.
Salmonella is a genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It contains 2 species, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica, which in total have 2500 different serotypes (also known as serovar) have been identified to date. Less than 100 of these serotypes actually lead to human diseases. For example, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi lead to paratyphoid fever and typhoid fever.
Can lead to these symptoms: Weakness, Constipation, Diarrhea, Headache, Stomach pain, Fever. Sometimes patient get rose-coloured spot rashes, especially on neck and abdomen