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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems - Coggle Diagram
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
internal organization of stem
epidermis
- outermost surface on an herbaceous stem
cutin
- fatty substance that encrusts the outer tangential walls
cuticle
- layer of built up cutin that is impermeable to water
guard cells and stomatal pores
- holes and surrounding cells that allow water into the leaf
stoma
- guard cells and stomatal pores together
trichomes
- hairlike structures that make it hard for animals to land, provide shade, and provide a layer of immobile air next to the leaf surface
cortex
- interior to epidermis
homogeneous area composed of photosynthetic parenchyma and sometimes collenchyma
compact group of cells
vascular tissue
- tissue used for nutrient transportation
xylem
- conducts water and minerals
phloem
- distributes sugars and minerals
types of cells and tissues
Parenchyma
have only thin primary walls
chlorenchyma cells are parencyma that evolved during photosynthesis
most common type of cell and tissue constituting all soft parts of the plant
make up soft leaves, petals, fruits and seeds
Collenchyma
primary wall that remains thin in some areas but thickened in other areas
wall of cells exhibit plasticity
present in elongating shoot tips that need to remain flexible
Scelerenchyma
contains primary wall and thick secondary wall that is lignified
the cell walls are elastic
can develop from parenchyma cells
vital for protection against wind, animals, and snow
2 types - conducting and mechanical
external organization of stems
stem
- axis
shoot
- stem + any leaves, flowers, or buds
nodes
- where leaves attach
internode
- space in between nodes
leaf axil
- stem area just above where the leaf attaches
axillary bud
- miniature shoot with dormant apical meristem and several young leaves
bud scales
- small, corky, waxy modified leaves that protect delicate organs inside
terminal bud
- bud at the extreme tip of each stem
bulbs
- short shoots with thick fleshy leaves
corms
- vertical thick stems that have thin, papery leaves
rhizomes
- fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread undergrond
stem growth and differentiation
apical meristems
- region in stem where new cells are created, allowing stem to grow longer
subapical meristem
- region just below apical meristem where cells are dividing and growing
protoxylem
- first xylem to appear
metaxylem
- large tracheary elements developed from protoxylem
protophloem
- first phloem to appear
metaphloem
- large tracheary elements developed from protophloem
protoderm
- epidermal cells that are in early stages of differentiation
provascular tissues
- young cells of xylem and phloem
ground meristem
- provascular tissues of pith and cortex
