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Tissues and The Primary Growth of Stems - Coggle Diagram
Tissues and The Primary Growth of Stems
Concepts
basic parts
stems
roots
leaves
Selective Advantage
Magnoliophyta: angiosperms
basal angiosperm
utrlilies
magnolias
laurels
Eudicots
roses
maples
asters
Monocots
lilies
cattails
grasses
palms
Two Fundamental Types
Primary plant body: herbaceous
Secondary plant body: woody
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
Parenchyma
only primary walls that remain thin
tissue: mass of parenchyma cells
most common type to make up soft parts of plants
fruits
petals
leaves
seeds
metabolically active
remain alive after maturity
Chlorenchyma cells
numerous chloroplasts
photosynthesis
Glandular cells
secrete nectar
fragrence
mucilage
resins
oils
few chloroplasts
elevated dictyosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
Transfer cells
increase surface area
mediate short distance transport
Collenchyma
primary wall remains thin in some, and thickens in others
wall exhibits plasticity
present in elongating shoot tips
layer just under epidermis
Sclerenchyma
primary wall
thick secondary wall
wall elastic
deformed then back to original
develop from parenchyma
two types
sclereids
isodiametric
strong walls
short
brittle and inflexibility
fibers
flexible
areas of strength and flexibility
long
External Organization of Stems
stem and shoot used interchangeably
stem = axis
shoot = stem + leaves
flowing plants
nodes: where leaves attach
internodes: region b/t nodes
leaf axil: just above where leaves attach
axillary bud: mini shoot w/ dormant apiral meristem
vegetative bud: grow into branch
floral bud: grow into flower
phyllotaxy
arrangment of leaves
position leaves to not shade each other
Internal Organization of Stems: Arrangement of Primary Tissues
Epidermis
outmost surface
singer layer of living parenchyma
all interchange of material
cutin
fatty substance that makes wall inpermable to water
encrust outer tangential walls
Cortex
interior to epidermis
simple and homogeneous
composed of parenchyma
compact
Vascular Tissues
Xylem
ZY-lem
conducts water and minerals
tracheids
vessel element
move water w/ less friction
individual cells
entire region missing in both walls
tracheary elements
8 types
secondary wall
set of rings
annular thickenings
small
helical: 1-3 helices
Scalariform thickening
provides strength
underlies inner surface
fairly extensive
reticulate thickening
circular borded pits
Phloem
flow-em or flome
distributes sugars and minerals
2 conducting cells
sieve cells
sieve tube members
parenchyma cells
only primary walls
sieve pores
differentiate
plasmodesmata enlarged
sieve areas
primary pit fields
clusters of pores
Vacular Bundles
interior of cortex
Xylem and Phyloem occur together
pith
region of parenchyma
similar to cortex
collateral
primary Xylem
primary Phloem
Stem Growth and Differentiation
apical meristems
new cells crated
progenitor cells produced
subapical meristem
below apical
produce cells for lower region
protoxylem
: 1st xylem to appear
metaxylem
: largest treachery elements
Protoderm
: epidermal cells in early differentiation
provascular tissues
: young xylem and phloem
ground meristem
: equivalent stages of pith and cortex
Primary tissues
: tissues produced by apical meristems
Primary growth
: growth and tissue formation that results from apical activity
