Alcohols (Pharmacology)
1.Alcohols
2.Drugs used in acute ethanol withdrawal
3.Drugs used in chronic alcoholism
4.Drugs used in acute methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity
Methanol
Ethylene glycol
Ethanol
Clinical uses
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicities, Interactions
Other long-acting benzodiazepines and barbiturates are also effective
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Diazepam
Clinical uses
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Action
Clinical uses
Pharmacokinetics
Multiple effects on neurotransmitter receptors ion channels, and signaling pathways
Antidote in methanol and
ethylene glycol poisoning
Toxicities, Interactions
Essential vitamin required for synthesis of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate
Administered to patients suspected of alcohol dependence to prevent the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Parenteral
administration
None
Multiple effects on neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and signaling pathways
Antidote in methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning
Zero-order metabolism, duration depends on dose
Toxicity: Acute, CNS depression and respiratory failure. Chronic, damage to many systems, including liver, pancreas gastrointestinal tract, and central and peripheral nervous systems. Interactions: Induction of CYP2E1 ⬆conversion of acetaminophen to toxic metabolite
: poisoning result in toxic levels of formate, which causes characteristic visual disturbance plus coma, seizures, acidosis, and death due to respiratory failure
: poisoning creates toxic aldehydes and oxalate, which causes kidney damage and severe acidosis
Acamprosate
Disulfiram
Naltrexone
Clinical uses
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicities, Interactions
Clinical uses
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicities, Interactions
Clinical uses
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicities, Interactions
Nonselective competitive antagonist of opioid receptors
Reduced risk of relapse ini ndividuals with alcohol use disorders
Available as an oral or long-acting parenteral formulation
Gastrointestinal effects and liver toxicity
Poorly understood NMDA receptor antagonist and GABA A agonist effects
Reduced risk of relapse in individuals with alcohol use disorders
Oral administration
Gastrointestinal effects and rash
Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenese
Deterrent to relapse in individuals with alcohol use disorders
Oral administration
Little effect on its own but
severe flushing, headache ,nausea, vomiting, and hypotension when combined with ethanol
Clinical uses
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Drug
Toxicities, Interactions
Fomepizole
Inhibits alcohol
dehydrogenase
Methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning
Parenteral
administration
Headache, nausea, dizziness,
rare allergic reactions