Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Organization and Planning of Transportation and Navigation - Coggle Diagram
Organization and Planning of Transportation and Navigation
General
The recent development of transportation
Public transportation plays a critical role in many large metropolitan areas, where more than 50% of workers rely on it to commute to and from their place of work.
The development of the internal combustion engine in the late 19th century, and in particular the development of diesel engines, made it possible to design ship power plants that are much more useful than conventional steam plants.
The transportation system
Transport (from the Latin trans, "to the other side", and portare, "to carry") is the transfer of people or goods from one place to another.
Historical evolution of transportation
Inasmuch as it was, unlike horse-drawn vehicles, extremely sensitive to bad roads, these were quickly improved to suit the requirements of the bicycle, in accordance with Robert Macadam's principles.
With the advent of the motor vehicle and the choking clouds of dust it generated, road users as well as the public appreciated the routine addition of the asphalt overlay we take for granted today.
The vehicles
Transportation vehicles (cars, trains, airplanes, etc.) travel over the networks, although there are cases of networks that do not use vehicles: the pedestrian network, mobile sidewalk networks, conveyor belts and ducts or pipelines.
Transportation classifications
Rail
From 1850 onwards, this mode of transport began to expand in Latin America. The railroad network financed by French, English or American capital, although it benefited the transport of goods and passengers, was generally designed to meet commercial needs.
Road
The road system began to improve significantly throughout Latin America after 1930, and is now acceptable in many cases.
Aerial
Air transportation has also grown significantly over the last 40 years in Latin America. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela are the countries with the highest number of kilometers flown on scheduled airlines.
Pipeline
Although pipelines for water distribution have been used since ancient times, oil pipelines did not appear until after 1859, with the discovery of oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania.
Aquatic
The early development of water transport was stimulated by the tendency of populations to concentrate on coasts or waterways.
Infrastructure
The infrastructure is usually referred to as a network and distinguishes between roads, railroads, air routes, canals, pipelines, etc., including nodes or terminals: airports, railroad stations, bus terminals and ports.
Transportation. Definition of transportation
Transportation, the means of moving people or goods from one place to another. Modern commercial transportation serves the public interest and includes all the means and infrastructure involved in the movement of people or goods, as well as the services of reception, delivery and handling of such goods.
Transportation networks
Networks are designed considering three aspects: geometry, strength and capacity. In practice, transportation design focuses on taking geometric designs and defining their width, number of lanes, tracks or diameter.
International Trade: Production and International Exchange of Goods
Liberalization
The liberalization process related to integration into the world economy is a valuable tool for promoting economic growth, development and poverty alleviation at the national level.
Globalization
The last two decades of the 20th century witnessed the extraordinary development of international economic relations, the almost instantaneous movement of capital across national borders and the new methods of production and distribution that we collectively know as globalization.
Protectionism
Protectionism is an economic policy that seeks to promote domestic industries by imposing duties and other regulations to discourage imports.
International organizations related to international trade and transport: UNCTAD, WTO, IMF, etc.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) administers the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) resulting from the Uruguay Round (1986-1994), promotes the reduction of tariffs in international trade transactions, monitors the domestic trade policies of member countries and acts as an arbitrator in their disputes.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was founded on July 22, 1944 during a UN convention in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA.
UNCTAD coordinates the integrated treatment of development and related issues in the areas of trade, finance, technology, investment and sustainable development.
UNCTAD fulfills its mandate through:
Policy analysis
Intergovernmental deliberations
The search for consensus and negotiation
Control, execution and follow-up
Technical cooperation
Transportation : Public authorities' involvement in the organization and planning of transportation
Transportation infrastructure plan
The preparation of the PEIT is intended to establish a rational and efficient framework for the transport system in the medium and long term. The structure of the objectives of the PEIT is based on four areas: system efficiency, social and territorial cohesion, environmental compatibility and economic development.
Need for mobility
The transport sector is the one that is undergoing the most unsustainable development due to the sharp increase in mobility and the growing predominance of the most inefficient, resource-consuming modes of transport with the greatest environmental impact.
Spatial planning
Transportation network maps and schedules help people decide how to get from origin A to destination B using buses, trains or any other means of public transportation.
Promotion of transport
In the area of transport development, it states that it is responsible for the preparation and execution of the Government's policy on land, air and maritime transport infrastructures under State jurisdiction, and the control, management and administrative regulation of transport services.
Transportation
Social, economic, and political aspects of transportation
Economic Power
It is a guarantor of the best strategy of the:
Sustainable, fair and maximizing Economic Development.
Growth of the city and the country
It should aim at Collective Enrichment.
La Sociedad Civil
It must encourage a Culture and Civility in favor of a Public Transportation Policy, of which it will be the first beneficiary.
It must understand that a Public Transportation Policy does not take away money needed for the development of other Public Services.
Political Power
It has the necessary power to decide, associated with the Economic and Social Powers.
It is the guarantor of the Common Interest as superior to the sum of Private Interests.
A Transportation Policy must associate:
Political Power
Economic Power
The Power of Civil Society
Transportation externalities
Transportation is a market characterized by the presence of strong externalities:
Congestion
Noise
Atmospheric pollution
Accidentalidad
Visual pollution
Functions performed by the transport
According to its function:
Cargo: Transportation of goods.
Passengers: Transportation of people.
Parcels: Transportation of small packages (postcards). Normally this type of transport is done in special compartments in passenger transport.
War: Transportation for war purposes.
Depending on the mode:
Ordinary: Single mode of transport (sea, air or land)
Multimodal, intermodal or combined: Two or more different modes of transport in a customs transit operation.
Maritime navigation is the art and science of conducting a vessel from the point of departure to the point of arrival, efficiently and responsibly.
Incidence of externalities by mode of transport
The environmental effects of the current transportation model affect the population as a whole.
Traffic congestion at peak hours, with the enormous loss of hours in traffic jams and the consequent waste of resources, constitutes one of the main externalities of transportation.
It is estimated that transportation by car and truck is currently the main source of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
Transport Policy
Organizations - Regulations: the LOTT and the ROTT
The Land Transport Management Law of July 30, 1987 (LOTT), implied a profound transformation in the philosophy and principles of land transport management previously in force.
In the drafting of the Regulation (ROTT), the formal structure of the developed Law has not been followed in an absolutely faithful way; this is due, fundamentally.
Competences of the Autonomous Communities
Absolute exclusive powers: When the State or the Autonomous Communities reserve exclusive competence over an entire matter en bloc.
Limited exclusive powers: When the State reserves a specific exclusive power or function over a specific matter, and the Autonomous Communities may assume other exclusive public functions over the execution or material management.
Shared competences: When the State or the Autonomous Communities assume different competences for the same function.
Concurrent competences: When the State and the Autonomous Communities are holders of the same function, but attend to different facets or aspects of the same, or refer to different spatial scopes.
National transport policy
Within the National Transportation Policy are grouped the general lines within which the public policy proposal of the documents in the series is framed, describing why foreign trade and systemic competitiveness were chosen as the policy and mechanism to achieve the socioeconomic development of the country.
Objectives of the national transport policy
General:
Establish a general framework of policies or guidelines to facilitate the development of the Transportation and Infrastructure sector on a sustainable basis through free market mechanisms and broad citizen participation to improve the efficiency of services, social welfare and business competitiveness considering the environmental dimension.
Specific:
Promote adequate conditions for investment in the sector in order to expand and improve technological capacity in terms of infrastructure, equipment and operation of transportation in all its modalities in accordance with national needs.
Transportation and trade
Purchase and sale of goods
The Contract of Purchase and Sale is the central factor of any commercial transaction, being the starting point of international trade and the legal instrument of world economic activity.
The contract for the international sale of goods is governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which was adopted and signed in Vienna on April 11, 1980. This convention entered into force on January 1, 1988.
Incoterms
INCOTERMS are those terms used in an international sales contract, which define which of the two parties (seller or buyer) has the obligation to insure the goods, what type of policy must be purchased and who pays the insurance premium.
Purchase and sale: Transportation and its relationship to production, distribution and consumption systems and processes.
International freight forwarding (ITC) is defined as "the operation of moving products (cargo) by providing a service for a price called freight, from the country of origin (exporter) to the country of destination (importer)".
ICT can be carried out by air, water (sea and river), land (road and rail) or a combination of two or more of these modes (intermodal transport).
Methods of payment: Methods of payment in international commercial transactions: determining factors
Direct Payment; this is constituted when the importer makes the payment directly to the exporter and/or uses an entity to make this payment without further commitment on the part of that entity.
Documentary Collections; these are defined as the handling by banks of documents that may be financial or commercial, according to the instructions received, in order to achieve the collection and/or acceptance of financial documents.
Advance Payment; this consists of the importer, prior to shipment, placing the amount of the purchase-sale in the exporter's market.
The Documentary Credit; The Letter of Credit or Documentary Credit, occupies the place of privilege among the means of payment for international purchase and sale of goods, not only because of the security it offers, but also because through its use a balance is achieved between the risks involved and the risks involved.
Means of Payment; all transactions in International Trade, whatever the terms of payment, imply a means of payment for the operation.
Typical CD documentation
Commercial invoice
Other Documents
Certificados sanitarios, fitosanitarios, veterinarios, Certificado de Soivre (Servicio Oficial de Inspección, Vigilancia y Regulación de la Exportación), Factura Consular, permite controlar las importaciones y acreditar el origen de la mercancía.
Insurance documents:
Certificate of Insurance, Declaration under "open policy" (umbrella policy).
It is the responsibility of the originator/importer to indicate the documents required from the exporting beneficiary, as well as the details and content that each of them must have.
Documentary Credit: concept
The documentary credit is the means of payment that offers a higher level of security in international sales, assuring the exporter the collection of its operation.
Types of Documentary Credits: Revocable or irrevocable, Confirmed, On demand or term.
Relevance of the Bill of Lading in the CD
The Bill of Lading (B/L) is the document that certifies the delivery and receipt of the goods on board the vessel that transported them.
Nominative: the person of the consignee/consignee is normally specified. It is not transferable or negotiable in banks, so it is rarely used.
To order: it can be transferred by endorsement and is negotiable.
Bearer: the consignee is not specified by name, but the holder is considered as such.