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Interpretive Research, All interpretive research must adhere to this set…
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Interpretations are contextualized and less generalizable. Therefore, analysis is subjective and sensitive to experiences of researcher and less rigorous. The following criteria can be used to judge rigor:
Transferability: The extent that the findings can be generalized in other settings. Researcher must provide rich, detailed descriptions of the research structures, assumptions and processes.
Dependability: Two researchers assessing same phenomenon using same set of evidence to independently arrive at same conclusions. Research must provide adequate details about phenomenon and the social context to authenticate inferences
Credibility: Can be improved by providing evidence of researcher's engagement in the field, data triangulation of data collection techniques, notes on procedures such as transcription of interviews that can audit data collection
Confirmability: The extent to which the findings reported can be independently confirmed by others. This is demonstrated by intersubjectivity- participants generally agree with inferences drawn by researcher
Most frequently used technique for data collection is interview followed by observation and documentation which are included in the four research designs:
Ethnography: Emphasizes studying the phenomenon within the context of culture. The researcher is immersed in the culture over an extended period of time and engages, observes and records the daily life of the participants in their culture. Ex: Jane Goodall and chimpanzees
Phenomenology: Emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding reality around us. Involves describing social reality using the subjective perspective of participants and understanding the meaning ("deep structure") underlying the subjective experiences. Data collection occurs during interviews and are transcribed during data analysis to have the participant relive the phenomenon
Case research: Intensive longitudinal study of phenomenon at one or more research sites where the researcher uses observational data collection to establish detailed, contextualized inferences
Action research: An intensive longitudinal study of a phenomenon at one or more research sites that use direct observation for deriving detailed, contextualized inferences. It is used to introduce changes, interventions or actions and observe the outcomes of the actions on the phenomenon. The five phases: diagnosing, action planning, action taking, evaluating and learning
Benefits include: explores hidden reasons behind complex or multifaceted social processes, helpful for theory construction with no or insufficient theory. It is appropriate for studying context specific, unique events or process and can help uncover interesting and relevant research questions and issues for follow up research
Challenges are: This research is time consuming and resource intensive compared to positivist research. It requires well trained researchers who can interpret complex social phenomenon and reconcile the diverse perspective without injecting personal biases. Misleading or false impressions can happen since participants and data sources may not be equally credible or knowledgeable of phenomenon. Inferences do not lead to replicability or generalizability and can fail to answer the research questions or predict future behaviors.