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Organic Chemistry, Giovanni Pugliese 5CT-c - Coggle Diagram

- - - - are complicated molecules (polymers) made up of monomers called amino-acids
        
        the structure of a protein is given by the sequence of amino-acids
        
        amino acids are joined together by peptide bond
        
        peptide is the bond between two or more amino-acids
    - - they are responsible for all metabolic reaction in the living cells, there are:
        
        Transport proteins
        
        transport or store other chemical compound or ions
        
        Immunoglobulin or antibodies
        
        responsible to neutralized large, extraneous molecules which can cause an infection
        
        Hormones
        
        are responsible for the regulation of many processes in organisms
        
        Motor proteins
        
        can convert chemical energy into mechanical energy
        
        Structural Proteins
        
        such as collagen and keratin, maintain the structure of cells and tissues
        
        Receptors
        
        are responsible for signal detection and translation into other types of signal
        
        Signalling Proteins
        
        are involved into signalling translation process
        
        Storage Proteins
        
        contain energy which can be released during metabolic processes in the organism
  - - - are ester of fatty acids and various alcohols
      - are organic compound that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents
    - - are a components of cell membranes
      - are messengers
      - are a storage form for metabolic energy
    - - according to their chain
        
        they are composed by fatty acids that can be:
        
        saturated
        
        unsaturated
      - if they undergo the saponification reaction
        
        they can be divided into:
        
        Saponifiable
        
        which can be:
        
        Phospholipids
        
        Waxes
        
        Glycerides
        
        what is soap?
        
        are water-soluble of sodium and potassium salt of fatty acids
        
        Potassium Soap
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sodium Soap
        
        1 more item...
        
        why do we use soaps and detergents?
        
        because they are surfactants, they are used to remove dirt from skin, clothes and household articles
        
        Non-Saponifiable
        
        which can be:
        
        Steroids
        
        Fat-soluble vitamins
        
        Terpenes
  - - - are compounds consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
      - how are carbohydrates obtained?
        
        they are obtained by photosynthesis
      - how can they be divided?
        
        Complex Carbohydrates
        
        for example:
        
        Polysaccharides
        
        Oligosaccharides
        
        Simple Carbohydrates
        
        for example:
        
        Disaccharides
        
        Monosaccharides
  - - - are the smallest group of organic chemicals in our body
      - are a polymer and the largest single molecule in the body
    - - RNA
        
        Ribonucleic Acid
        
        why is it important?
        
        the RNA is important because it is involved in the synthesis of polypeptide and proteins
        
        contain three base codes used to determine the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide that is codes for
      - DNA
        
        Deoxyribonucleic Acid
        
        is the genetic materials
        
        Why is it important?
        
        the DNA is important because is storing information regarding the sequence of amino acids in each of the body's protein
        
        what is DNA made of?
        
        is composed of 2 strands in which the bases of one stand are hydrogen-bonded to the bases of the other, the strands are twisted forming a configuration that is often referred to as a "double helix"
    - - are composed of units called nucleotides that are linked together to form a large molecule
  - - - can be divided into 3 groups:
        
        Synthetic Polymers
        
        are artificially and commonly called industrial polymers, for example:
        
        Polystyrene
        
        what they are?
        
        a polymer used for example for Cd and DVD cases and packaging, it can be recycled
        
        Microfibers
        
        what they are?
        
        are polyester, are great to absorbing water, very flexible and durable
        
        PVC
        
        what they are?
        
        a polymer used in clothing and electric cable insulation
        
        Nylon
        
        what they are?
        
        is the first commercial successful polymer, used in fabric, carpets and ropes
        
        Polypropylene
        
        what they are?
        
        the most used polymer for packaging, car components, lab equipment, ecc...
        
        Polyurethane
        
        what they are?
        
        is a polymer very similar to nylon,
        it is often used in place of gum
        
        Polyethylene
        
        what they are?
        
        the most used polymer for plastics
        
        Rubber
        
        what they are?
        
        can be found in nature but it is also synthesized by man.
        it is used for its physical characteristics
        
        Polyesters
        
        what they are?
        
        long chain synthetic polymers that have ester linkage
        
        Man-made Polymers
        
        Natural Polymers
      - are large organic molecules made of smaller repeating molecular units called monomers joined by covalent bonds
        
        how are polymers obtained?
        
        The polymers are created by the reaction of polymerization
        
        this reaction can produce 2 different type of polymers
        
        Addiction Polymers
        
        Condensation Polymers
        
        polymers can be further divided according to their behavior when heated into:
        
        Thermoplastic
        
        Thermosets
- - - - what they are?
        
        are the largest and most significant class of organic compound
        
        consist uniquely of hydrogen and carbon
      - can be divided into 2 categories:
        
        Aromatic Hydrocarbons
        
        what are they?
        
        are hydrocarbon that contain alternating double and single bond between carbon-carbon
        
        Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
        
        are divided into 3 groups:
        
        Alkenes
        
        what they are?
        
        are unsaturated hydrocarbon, they contain a carbon-carbon double bond
        
        Alkynes
        
        what they are?
        
        are unsaturated hydrocarbon, they contain a carbon-carbon triple bond
        
        Alkanes
        
        what they are?
        
        are simplest hydrocarbon
- - - - are groups of atoms in organic molecules that are responsible of for the characteristic chemical reaction of those molecules
    - - because they are a mean of classifyng structures and predicting properties