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The State and Modern Bureaucracy - Coggle Diagram

- - - - career-based personnel recruited on the basis of merit
        
        create permanent bureaucracy by creating life-long employment, with fixed salary and benefits, selected on their seniority, recruited on the basis of merit
      - impersonal application of rules
        
        conduction of regulations instead of by personal conviction, citizens are treated equally when confronting state authorities
      - hierarchical organization with carefully defined division of tasks
        
        each part of the state administration has a clear task to do, bureaucrats work on specific issues and become experts in their particular field
    - - efficiency: things get done at a low cost
      - equal treatment of citizens
      - effectiveness: things get done
    - - fragmentation: the flip side of specialization. fragmentation can lead to a maze of interests and functions which makes it very unstructured
      - proliferation: bureaucrats are motivated by following their private interests, administrators always try to increase their budget because it gives them more prestige, higher salaries and increases policy-making capacities
      - 'dictatorship of the official': issue of bureaucrats becoming masters rather than servants of politicians and the public at large, caused by their specific expertise. because of the high standards for bureaucrats, they form an elitist and unrepresentative bureaucracy
    - - introduce new institutions and policies
        
        ombudsman: a public official appointed by the legislature to investigate allegations of maladministration in the public sector
        
        affirmative action: policies designed to overcome the legacy of
        past discrimination by emphasizing the recruitment of women, ethnic minorities, and other groups under-represented in the bureaucracy
      - new public management (NPM): an approach to bureaucracy that emerged in the 1980’s, based on the idea that market-oriented principles would make it more efficient
        
        performance-based employment
        
        manegerial methods of administration
        
        competition within public sector
        
        outsourcing: the practice of contracting private contractors to provide services previously under the control of the public bureaucracy
      - increase politicization
        
        clientelism: practice of state jobs being given to people to reward them for supporting or voting for.a particular party
        
        'nomenklatura': extreme case of politicization of the state. associated with the communist state. list of vetted individuals which were people who could get state positions within the communist bureaucracy
        
        'spoils system': a patronage-based arrangement in which elected politicians distribute government jobs to those with the foresight to support the winning candidate
  - - - Interaction – as when users download a form or send an email
      - Transaction – as when users pay a bill online or submit an application
      - The provision of information - perhaps with a website outlining the details of public service. This is useful for people looking for basic information on the work of a department or agency
      - Integration – meaning that users can access all government services, from applying for a drivers license to registering a business, form one site, with a single registration and digital signature. Such portals, or electronic one-stop shops, are difficult to implement, though requiring the integration of databases from multiple department.