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Alcohols and Halogenoalkanes, POLYMERS, secondary alcohols, oxidation…

- - - - C,O, and H have different electronegativities, leading to polarity within the bond and producing electron deficient C&H atoms(have little to no electrons
      - Due to the OH group, alcohols experience hydrogen bonds resulting higher boiling and melting points and solutbility in water
    - - Oxidation reactions
        
        Hydroxyl group/ an aldehyde (C-OH) ----> Carbonyl group/ a ketone (C=O) ----> Carboxyl group/ a carboxylic acid(COOH)
        
        Occurs from loss of C-H bonds
        
        Carried out by an oxidising agent, which could be H2SO4 or potassium dicromate (K2Cr2O7)
      - Reaction with Br+ (NaBr) in an acid (H2SO4) to form a haloalkane and water
      - Dehydration: Placing an alcohol in concentrated H2SO4 in a reflux reaction to form an alkene and water
      - Formation: Reacting a carboxylic acid (COOH) and an alcohol to form an Ester (COOCH) and water
      - Reaction with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) to form a haloalkane, HCl (g) and Phosphoryl chloride (POCl3)
- - - - Soluble in polar solvents
      - The C-X bond isn't polar enough to form hydrogen bonds with water and disrupt the hydrogen bonds within water
      - Not soluble in water
      - The C-X is slightly polar due to the slightly positive charge of the C and the negative charge of the halide
      - Comes in a primary, secondary, and tertiary structures
        
        R groups are any other type of atom, it can even be other carbon atoms. R groups help to break bonds in reactions
    - - All these reactions involve nucleophilic attacks: Nucleophiles are species that react with slightly positively charged carbon atoms as they have their own lone pair of electrons (NOTE: radicals only have ONE electron, not a pair!)
        
        Reflux reaction in heat and an alcohol with Potassium Cyanide (KCN) to form a halide free radical and a Nitrile (C-CN)
        
        A reaction in heat and an alcohol in a sealed tube with ammonia atoms to form a primary amine, an ammonium ion, and a halide free radical
        
        happens in two stages: the nucleophilic attack where one ammonia atom reacts with the haloalkane, then the second (called depronation) where the second ammonia atom reacts with the products
        
        Reflux reaction with aqueous potassium hydroxide in heat and in an alcohol to form an alcohol and a free radical of the halide
        
        Reaction with water in warm conditions to form hydrogen halide (HX) and an alcohol