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Multi-level Governance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - symmetric and assymmetric
        
        symmetric: all states have equal say in influence in policy
        
        asymmetric: one province/state has special rights, e.g., Quebec
      - bottom-up and top-down
        
        bottom up: federal state created from political event on the ground (US civil war), coming together
        
        top-down: federal set up from above, usually to leep stability in the midst of national differences (Belgium), holding together
      - dual and cooperative
        
        cooperative: competences are very interwoven, shared competences between the federal government and state government
        
        dual: strong and clear separation of powers between federal government and state-level
      - territorial and non-territorial: non-territorial/cultural federalism, autonomy granted on non-territorial basis (Sami parliament)
    - - subsidiarity: the principle that decisions should be taken at the lowest feasible level
      - quasi-federation: a system of administration that is formally unitary but has some features of a federation
        
        distinction from federalism: federalism guarantees the state's constitutional rights to their powers, in devolved states these powers are still dependent on the central authority to grant them these powers
      - confederation: a looser form of a federation, consisting of a union of states with more powers left in the hands of the constituent members
      - dual federalism: national and local level of government function independently from one another, with separate responsibilities
      - cooperative federalism: the layers are intermingled, and it is always difficult to see who has the ultimate responsibility
    - - encourages competition between states or provinces and allows citizens to move between them
      - offers opportunities for policy experiments
      - allows small units to cooperate in achieving the economic and military advantages of size
      - brings government closer to the people
      - a practical arrangement for large or divided countries
      - provides stronger checks and balances
      - allows for the recognition of diversity
      - reduces overload at the centre
    - - the centre finds it more difficult to launch national initiatives
      - how citizens are treated depends on where they live
      - complicates accountability; who is responsible for addressing the problems
      - may permit majorities within a province to exploit a minority
      - basing representation in the upper chamber on states violates the principle of one person, one vote
      - may be less effective in responding to national security threats
      - decision-making is slower and more complicated
      - can entrench internal division
  - - - delegation: central government tasks are shifted from offices in the capital to those in regions or local districts
      - devolution: central government transfers some decision-making autonomy to lower levels
      - deconcentration (decentralization): central government tasks are shifted from offices in the capital to those in regions or local districts
- - - - to provide an often significant rage of local public services, including police and emergency services, public libraries, land use and planning, public transport, primary and secondary education, parks and recreation, street cleaning, and ease management
      - to implement national welfare policies
    - - council system: elected councillors form a council which operates through a smaller sub-group or functional committees. the unelected mayor is appointed by the council, or by central government
      - mayor-council system: an elected mayor serves as chief executive. councillors elected from local wards for a council with legislative and financial authority