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Bodily Systems working together, Purpose is to pass on genetic information…

- - - - Keratinocytes absorb melanin and utilize it as protection from UV rays
      - There are 5 layers, but in hairy/furry animals there is only usually 3. there are special hairs that will aid in feeling touched.
      - Top layer on the skin. most cells are keratinized, meaning the give strength and resilience to the skin.
    - - It is made of connective tissues and contains hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels and lymphatic channels
      - Has 2 layers in it. The papillary layer connects to the epidermis and holds them together. It also connects the blood vessels to the epidermis for temperature and pain reception. Also has sensors for light touch. The reticular layer is the largest part of the dermis. It is made up of many collagen fibers which make up tension lines in the skin.
      - Thickest portion underneath the epidermis and connects them together.
    - - Tail glands are very active during sexual maturation and estrus. They are sensitive during this time.
      - Anal sacs purpose is to let animals mark their territory and aid in finding them a partner to mate with.
      - Sebaceous glands found in the dermis and are in most areas of the body. Stores and secretes oil substances to keep skin and hair moisturized. Most productive when maturing as they are sensitive in hormonal changes.
      - Paw Pads are made of a thick layer of fat and connective tissues. Provides the foot protection from rough conditions like heat, and hard and bumpy surfaces. Broken into multiple parts usually for different parts of the paw.
      - Pigmentation receives the most amount of UV and is there to protect the keratinocytes
      - Ergots and Chestnuts horny structure found on the legs of most equine at the medial aspect of the carpus and hocks. The ergots are thought to mark the second and fourth digits of the horse and chestnuts are to mark the first digit. These are used in identify the animals
      - Planum Nasale/Nasolabiale is the top of the nose or muzzle in animals. Usually pigmented and has certain textures.
      - Claws hard and sometimes pigmented. The cover the final digits. The structure inside is called a quick, which supplies blood and contains nerves. Used for traction, defense, and catching prey. Claws can not be removed from the last digits, they are together.
      - Hooves make up the foot in cloven animals and is connected to their digits. They need to be "trimmed" to maintain them so they do not overgrow and cause discomfort.
      - Horns and Antlers Have similar structure to hair. Can be trimmed to cut off. They are generally hollow and in direct communication with the frontal sinuses. Nutrients and circulation happen here.
    - - This layer contains the touch receptors and is sensitive to heavier pressures of touch
      - The hypodermis allows the integument to move freely over everything underneath it, like bone and muscle.
      - This is the layer just under the dermis of the skin. It has a lot of adipose tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
- - - - Estrogen are by cells in the developing follicles. Progestins are produced by the corpus luteum
      - It is equivalent to the testes in males and is located in the dorsal abdomen near the kidneys
    - - The placenta forms around the developing ova for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
      - This is the place the embryo will develop. This is in three parts, the body, the uterine horns, and the ovaries
    - - These are fallopian tubes which guide the ova from the ovaries into the uterus. They are the site for fertilization.
      - The ovum are caught in by the infundibulum and the fimbriae, then they are moved into the uterus by smooth muscle contractions and cilia
    - - This is a muscular ring that separates the uterus from the outside.
      - It will open at the estrus cycle to let sperm in and also at parturition for birthing the fetuses.
  - - - Where the male reproductive cells are formed. They are generally located outside the abdomen.
      - The testes are responsible for spermatogenesis and hormone production (testosterone)
    - - Bulbourethral glands - secretes mucous containing fluid.
      - Penis - attached to the pelvis and contains erectile tissue. In certain species, it is retractable, and will come in and out of the prepuce. Contains the bulbus glandis which helps in the mating process.
      - Prostate Gland - surrounds the urethra.
      - Seminal Vesicles - this is usually present in animals and creates many of the parts of semen.