Bodily Systems working together
Integumentary System
Endocrine System
Reproductive System
The skin (integumentary) is a true endocrine organ and is the largest organ in the body. The skin produces various hormones and enzymes. It also receives hormonal signals from other glands
Meiosis how reproductive cells blend together and form new cells for the fetus.
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Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Thyroid Gland
Parathyrpoid
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Purpose is to pass on genetic information and to keep a population alive. Not necessary for an individuals survival
Female Reproductive System 
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Male Reproductive System
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Know as the skin and is a big indicator of the bodies health gives visible hints the overall health of an animal. Provides protection, is a barrier, creates motion and shape to the body, helps with temperature regulation, immunity, sensory perception, and Vitamin D synthesis.
Gonads
Testes - Seminiferous tubules where the sperm is produced. The interstitial cells produce hormones. Produces testosterone under the influence of the LH
Testes
Epididymis - this is where mature sperm is stored.
Ovaries
Estrogen are by cells in the developing follicles. Progestins are produced by the corpus luteum
It is equivalent to the testes in males and is located in the dorsal abdomen near the kidneys
Where the male reproductive cells are formed. They are generally located outside the abdomen.
Uterus
Oviducts
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These are fallopian tubes which guide the ova from the ovaries into the uterus. They are the site for fertilization.
The ovum are caught in by the infundibulum and the fimbriae, then they are moved into the uterus by smooth muscle contractions and cilia
The placenta forms around the developing ova for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
This is the place the embryo will develop. This is in three parts, the body, the uterine horns, and the ovaries
Cervix
This is a muscular ring that separates the uterus from the outside.
It will open at the estrus cycle to let sperm in and also at parturition for birthing the fetuses.
The testes are responsible for spermatogenesis and hormone production (testosterone)
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Spermatic cord- contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and vas deferens.
Vas Deferens - is the muscular tube that propels the sperm into the urethra during the mating process.
Accessory Glands
Bulbourethral glands - secretes mucous containing fluid.
Penis - attached to the pelvis and contains erectile tissue. In certain species, it is retractable, and will come in and out of the prepuce. Contains the bulbus glandis which helps in the mating process.
Prostate Gland - surrounds the urethra.
Seminal Vesicles - this is usually present in animals and creates many of the parts of semen.
Hypothalamus
Has a lot of hormones that it secretes for various reasons. It stimulates the responses of these hormones for the other glands to secrete and distribute the.
The hypothalamus is a part of the brain and is in charge the sleep/wake cycles and appetite control. It links the brain and the body of the animals and has close relations with the pituitary gland
This is the master endocrine gland. Releases many hormones that regulate the body. It will secretes in response to the hypothalamus.
The hormones created here are often direct the activities of the other endocrine glands
Known as the Neurohypophysis. It stores hormones. It is made of neural types of tissues.
Receives nerve impulses from the HPA (hypothalamus pituitary axis) to stimulate the release of hormones
It is 2 lobes that are slow acting, but possibly long acting. They act directly or indirectly on majority of body tissues.
Create heat, can increase target cell responses, increase heart rate, and help with growth.
Uses oxytocin in the mammary glands to release milk for young when a teat is stimulated. Milk is the pushed to the flower part of the gland
Creates the prolactin hormone which triggers and maintains lactation in mothers. It enhances teat development and it is maintained by stimulation of the teat. also stimulates follicle growth and estrogen release in the ovaries. In males in stimulates spermatogenesis
Close to the kidneys and there are 2 of them. also have 2 parts, the cortex and the medulla. They have different functions, structures and origins
The Zona fasciculate and reticularis produce glucocorticoids and produces some sex hormones. It is developed from granular tissue of the fetus
Very close to the Thyroid gland. Acts in the opposite way of the thyroid to prevent any overages of hormones.
Near the duodenum and is responsible for the secretion of glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, polypeptide (appetite reducer)
Controls the sugar levels in the body and also inhibits digestion to prevent excess nutrient form being absorbed
Epidermis
Dermis
Glands and special areas
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous
Tail glands are very active during sexual maturation and estrus. They are sensitive during this time.
Anal sacs purpose is to let animals mark their territory and aid in finding them a partner to mate with.
Sebaceous glands found in the dermis and are in most areas of the body. Stores and secretes oil substances to keep skin and hair moisturized. Most productive when maturing as they are sensitive in hormonal changes.
Keratinocytes absorb melanin and utilize it as protection from UV rays
There are 5 layers, but in hairy/furry animals there is only usually 3. there are special hairs that will aid in feeling touched.
Top layer on the skin. most cells are keratinized, meaning the give strength and resilience to the skin.
It is made of connective tissues and contains hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels and lymphatic channels
Has 2 layers in it. The papillary layer connects to the epidermis and holds them together. It also connects the blood vessels to the epidermis for temperature and pain reception. Also has sensors for light touch. The reticular layer is the largest part of the dermis. It is made up of many collagen fibers which make up tension lines in the skin.
Thickest portion underneath the epidermis and connects them together.
This layer contains the touch receptors and is sensitive to heavier pressures of touch
The hypodermis allows the integument to move freely over everything underneath it, like bone and muscle.
This is the layer just under the dermis of the skin. It has a lot of adipose tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
Paw Pads are made of a thick layer of fat and connective tissues. Provides the foot protection from rough conditions like heat, and hard and bumpy surfaces. Broken into multiple parts usually for different parts of the paw.
Pigmentation receives the most amount of UV and is there to protect the keratinocytes
Ergots and Chestnuts horny structure found on the legs of most equine at the medial aspect of the carpus and hocks. The ergots are thought to mark the second and fourth digits of the horse and chestnuts are to mark the first digit. These are used in identify the animals
Planum Nasale/Nasolabiale is the top of the nose or muzzle in animals. Usually pigmented and has certain textures.
Claws hard and sometimes pigmented. The cover the final digits. The structure inside is called a quick, which supplies blood and contains nerves. Used for traction, defense, and catching prey. Claws can not be removed from the last digits, they are together.
Hooves make up the foot in cloven animals and is connected to their digits. They need to be "trimmed" to maintain them so they do not overgrow and cause discomfort.
Horns and Antlers Have similar structure to hair. Can be trimmed to cut off. They are generally hollow and in direct communication with the frontal sinuses. Nutrients and circulation happen here.
Stimulates to produce and release of melanin which influences the pigmentation of skin and hair colour.
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Ovaries - Influenced by FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) and produce estrogens and progestins. Estrogens cause physical and behavioral changes. When the FSH decreases LH increases and ovulation occurs when LH is at its highest. The high LH levels causes the corpus luteum to form and that produces progesterone. This maintains a pregnancy in females.
One of the endocrines main functions is maintain homeostasis by regulating water and electrolyte balance. It uses glands which are specialized cells or organs that secrete hormones to be used or discarded in the body.