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Clinical Evaluation: Ruminant Urinary Disease - Coggle Diagram
Clinical Evaluation: Ruminant Urinary Disease
abdominal pain
bruxism
treading
stretching
vocalization
PE
evaluate consistency, size, rxn to L kidney palpation
enlarged, painful = primary renal disease
reduced lobulation :cow: = renal swelling due to
ARF
pyelonephritis
ureters
rarely palpable per rectum
enlarged in pyleonephritis and ureteral obstruction
bladder
assess
wall thickeness
degree of distention
methods
per rectum
transabdominal palpation
US
penis
check for evidence of crystals
hair
preputial orifice
exteriorize if possible
usually req sedation, epidural
diazopam
midazolam
acepromazine
pain relief
butophanol
:forbidden: xylazine (diuretic)
urethra
palpate
urethra per rectum
perianal region for pulsation
suggests obstruction
urethral process :sheep::goat:
urinalysis
midstream sample
visual appearence
USG
dipstick
:forbidden: culture
catheterized sample recommended
:female_sign: only
cysto
chemistry
creatinine
is reliable, BUN not so much
BUN is influenced by...
rumen microbe urea recycling
dietary protein levels
creatinine production/excretion not affected by external factors
can be compared in serum and peritoneal fluid
2x or > increase = uroperitoneum
CS
changes in demeanor and appetite
changes in urine color
may go unnoticed until disease is advanced
dysuria
imaging
rads
small ruminants
ID location and # of stones
US
transabdominal
bladder distention
uroperitoneum
kidneys
transrectal
bladder
L kidney
:cow:
localize stones
renal biopsy
not common
renal mases
valuable animal
no clear cause
failure to respond to treatment