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Life in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy - Coggle Diagram
Life in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
Cultural policies
Nazi Germany
All aspects of cultural and social life were controlled by the Party and Government
Wanted more children in Germany so the Nazi's handed out 1,000 marks loans to new families
For each child, the family was able to keep 250 marks
Treatment of Minorities
Nazis believed that
Aryans
were the "best race" and that others, including Jews, Gypsies and homosexuals, were
untermenschen
Nazi's implemented the following "tactics" to stop the "degradation" of Germany
Sterilisation
- groups were prevented from reproducing. The mentally and physically disabled, including the deaf, were sterilised, as were people with hereditary diseases.
Euthanasia
- Between 1939 and 1941 over 100,000 physically and mentally disabled Germans were killed in secret, without the consent of their families. Victims were often gassed - a technique that was later used in the death camps of the Holocaust.
Concentration camps
- Homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovah's Witnesses, gypsies, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals were rounded up and sent to camps.
During World War Two 85 per cent of Germany's gypsies died in concentration camps.
Local government
was reorganized – with Nazi Party officials put in charge of each area of Germany.
Concordat
(an agreement) with Pope
allowed Hitler to get power in Germany without opposition from the Catholic Church
needed to leave the Catholic Church alone
The Reich Church attempted to ban the use of the Old Testament in religious services as it was considered a ‘Jewish book’.
Attendance of churches increased under the Nazis, proving that Hitler’s attempts to reduce religion was unsuccessful.
Policing in Nazi Germany
Schutzstaffel
Gestapo
Secret police that removed opposition and acted quietly (often without identifying themselves via uniforms)
Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
Officials gathering information for the SS (with Uniforms)
Legal Control
Judges had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and were expected to act always in the interests of the Nazi state.
All lawyers had to join the
Nazi Lawyers' Association
, which meant they could be controlled.
The role of defense lawyers in criminal trials was weakened.
Standard punishments
for crimes were abolished and so local prosecutors could decide what penalties to impose on those found guilty.
Nazi Influence in Daily Life
the infamous Swastika symbol appeared on every government uniform and public building
pictures of Hitler displayed everywhere
having to greet pone other with a ‘Heil Hitler’ anda raised arm salute
Fascist Italy
Opposition was virtually non-existent because any opposition was condemned by the policy
Black Shirts
officially known as
Fasci di Combattimenti
The motto of the Blackshirts was “Me ne frego” (I do not give a damn”)
"One favoured way of making people conform was to tie a ‘troublemaker’ to a tree, force a pint or two of castor oi" down the victim’s throat and force him to eat a live toad/frog etc.:
Intimidated voters by standing outside of voting booths in the name of "protecting voters" – actually intimidation
Secret Police (
Ovra
)
Restored the death penalty
Only 4,000 people were ever arrested by the Ovra and set to jail
Grand Fascist Council
Essentially made policy decisions without including the opposition in conversations/dialogue
Acerbo Law
25% of election results could get 66% of parliamentary seats
Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro
Addressed welfare and consumer needs through government support
Offered activities to Italians (distracted them from lowered wages and benefits that came from corperatism in Italy)
Members had access to cheaper, subsidized goods
Media
"Did not attempt to have the content of literary texts, theatrical productions or commercial films excessively ‘fascistized' until 1930s"
"In November 1926, all rival political parties and opposition newspapers were banned in Italy."
Large parades and marches were organized for Italian citizens to participate in
Policies toward children and education
Nazi Germany
Hitler wanted the Third Reich to "last a thousand years" – meaning children were key to his plan
Hitler Jugend was created to bring children under the propagandist control
Hitler Youth was created for Boys
Centered around physical exercise and political indoctrination
Wanted to create boys for future military service
League of German Maidens was created for girls
Centered around domestic work
wanted to encourage the role of women in future German Societies
Participation in the Hitler Jugend was made compulsory after 1936
Teachers were forced to join "
Nazi Teachers’ Association
"
Allowed Nazis to vet teachers to make sure they were teaching the racial and cultural B.S. that they were preaching
Curricula Changes
Made to further Nazi Idelogies
History - solely focused on the rise of the Nazi Party
Biology - lessons were re-centered on the Nazi's idea's of eugenics and racial hierarchies
Race study and ideology - a completely new subject designed to preach Aryan ideas and anti-Semitism.
Physical Education - German schoolchildren had five one-hour sports lessons every week.
Chemistry and Mathematics - became less important as they could contradict the new studies that nazis had come up with
Youth Opposition
White Rose group
Killed Gestapo leader in protest
daubed anti-Nazi slogans and sang pre-1933 folk song to piss off the Nazi Jugend
Swing Youth’ and ‘Jazz Youth’
hated Nazi values, joyously drank alcohol
Danced to Jazz (which the Nazi labeled as degenerate and "Negro" music
Edelweiss Pirates
students at Munich University in 1943
published anti-Nazi leaflets and marched through the city in protest at Nazi policies
Fascist Italy
Boys
Expected to be warriors for Italy
Three After School Programs For Boys (covered all ages)
Balilla
Avanguardista
Sons of the She Wolf
Were taught that "fighting was a natural extension of their masculinity
Mussolini had once said
“I am preparing the young to a fight for life, but also for the nation."
semi-military exercises
Girls
Expected to provide with the population it needed
Girls were taught that giving birth was natural
Schools/Education/Curriculum
Taught that the "Great Days" of Italy started in 1922 with the March on Rome by the Facists
Mussolini was made out to be a God and as the singular person who could lead Italy back to its former glory
Children were taught to call him “Il Duce”
Religious education was made mandatory – needed to win over the Catholic Church and remove it as serious opposition'
A child in a youth movements was a “
legionary
” while an adult officer was a “
centurion
”
a throw back to the days of when the Ancient Roman army dominated much of western Europe.
Economic policies
Nazi Germany
Law for the Reduction of Unemployment
Limited women to solely be 10% of the labor force for a certain company
Made more space for men to be employed
Women were cheap labor
Allowed the economy to grow and employ 2.4 million German women
Promised to make poverty go away and let Germany become an economic superpower
50% of big business wages rose
agricultural prices rose by 20%
20% of small businesses closed
Hitler Increased economic activity by
Investing in Public Works
The construction of the autobahn alone provided over 80,000 jobs
Investing in rearmament
Contributed the most to German economic recovery
the National Service
young men spent six months in the national labor service
were then conscripted into the army
those inducted into the program were not counted by unemployment figure
Jews' jobs were taken away and given to non-jews
Germany was supposed to become self-sufficient ("autarky")
Didn't happen by the outbreak of World War Two
Nazis relied on workers for their rearmament program
Workers had always favored left-leaning parties more
Nazis needed to exert control
Created three labor parties:
All run by Nazis:
The Labour Front.
– Nazi organisation that replaced Trades Unions (which had been banned)
It set wages, nearly always following employers' wishes and ignored, employees
Strength Through Joy
– gave workers rewards for their work
examples include evening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even very cheap or free holidays.
Beauty of Labour
– this organisation helped Germans to see how their work was "good"
encouraged factory owners to improve conditions for workers.
failed
From 1933 to 1939 wages
fell
, the number of hours worked
rose by 15 percent
, serious accidents in factories
increased
and workers could be
blacklisted
by employers if they attempted to question their working conditions.
Fascist Italy
Mussolini needed worker's and industrialists popular support to rule successfully in Italy
Battle for Industry
Battle For Wheat
Largely unsuccessful
Increased the price for Grain and made Italian peasants starve as they largely relied on bread as their food source
Started in the
Fascist Charter of Labour
of 1927
Corporatism
Support of Big Industry by the Government
Technically gave power to private industry but really just blurred the lines between government and private industry
Favored employers over workers
"Fascist unions did little to protect them against wage cuts and sackings"
Aimed to make Italy self-sufficient, but failed
"adopted whatever economic program they believed to be most suitable for their political goals"
Battle For Land
Clear wetlands
Make space for new arable land
Built new roads to cleared areas
Very, very labor intensive
Battle For Lira (Italian Currency)
Restore the purchasing power of the currency
A weak currency was not going to fly for an Italy that was supposed to be "powerful" and "mighty"
Made exporters harder and more expensive
Increased unemployment domestically as companies could not sell their products abroad
Policies toward women
Nazi Germany
Reversed the egalitarian and somewhat liberal policies instituted by the Weimar Government
Had a clear role for Women
Kinder
Were asked to be the caretakers of children
Opened up jobs for men to take in industrial positions previously held by women
Were expected to "produce" children for the future of the Aryan race
Women could even volunteer to have kids for SS officers
Kirche
Religion was central to German home life, with obedience being heavily emphasized
Were not expected to wear make up (seen as prostitution by the Church
Fit the traditional gender roles – wear dresses, not smoke, have long hair, etc.
Küche
Goebbels (propaganda minister for the NSDAP) said: "The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world."
Gave an award to women who had large numbers of children
called the "Mother’s Cross"
Women were not conscripted to help in the war effort until 1943
Fascist Italy
Battle for Births
Families would receive tax cuts
Bachelors would have to pay higher taxes
Mother's who had 13 or more children would get to meet "Il Duce"
Banned contraceptives
Jailed people found to have had an abortion
Mussolini wanted women to return to their domestic positions
Limited female employment opportunities
Encouraged marriage amongst women
Any political activity by women was harshly repressed