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B3 revision - Coggle Diagram
B3 revision
Primary defence
Skin
The skin covers the vast majority of the body. It is a physical barrier against the entry of pathogens
When it is damaged it immediately begins to heal by forming a scab, which acts as a barrier against infection
Nose
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Cells in the nose produce mucus which traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs
When the nose is blown, the mucus and any pathogens in it are removed
Trachea and bronchi
Ciliated cells move mucus and pathogens up to the throat, where they are swallowed into the stomach and killed by the acid.
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Bacteria vs Virus
Bacteria
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Produce toxins which damage cells and tissue, giving us the symptoms of a disease
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Produce own energy, do not invade cells to reproduce
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MABS
How they are made
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This stimulates the mouse to produce lymphocytes which will produce an antibody specific to that pathogen
The antibodies are then combined with human tumour cells to create a hybridoma. A hybridoma cell can make the specific antibody and divide
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Primary response
In the primary immune response, the immune system has a very delayed reaction. The body does not recognise the invading pathogen and therefore takes longer to produce the lymphocytes to fight it.
Once produced, the lymphocytes produce antibodies which are specific to the antigens(protein markers) on the surface of the pathogens. The antibodies bind to the antigens and clump together the pathogens.
White blood cells called phagocytes then engulf the clumps of pathogens in a process called phagocytosis. The invading pathogens are eliminated.
Memory cells are then produced. The immune system now remembers and can recognise that specific pathogen and is therefore much more prepared for another invasion.
The primary immune response always produces less antibodies over a longer amount of time.
Secondary response
In the secondary immune response, the body quickly recognises the invading pathogen because of the memory cells produced in the primary response.
Antibodies are produced very fast and in much higher quantities than in the primary response. The antibodies much more quickly bind to the pathogens, and following that they are engulfed by phagocytes. The pathogen is eliminated before any damage is done to the body.