Immune System
Elijah Moyeda
P.6
Functions
Lymphatic System
Immune System
The removal of excess fluids from body tissue
Absorption of fatty acid and transport of fat to circulatory system
Production of immune cells such as lymphocytes,monocyctes, and antibody producing cells
to fight disease causing pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and fungii
To recognize and kill harmful substances from the enviorment
To kill od disease causing changes like cancer cells
Anatomy of Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system consists of Tonsils, Submental lymph nodes, Right lymphatic duct, Subclavian lymph nodes, Axillary lymph nodes,Mediastinal lymph nodes, Cubital lymph nodes, Thoracic duct, Cisterna chyli, Peyer's patch, Popliteal lymph nodes, Superficial inguinal lymph nodes, Iliac lymph nodes, Abdominal lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Cervical lymph nodes, Submandibular lymph nodes
Defenses
Innate
Adaptive
Innate is the first line of defense
Examples: Skin, Hair, Cough, Mucous membranes, Acidic pH, Sebum, Earwax, and Vaginal secretions
Adaptive is the second line of defense and gives a inflammatory response
Examples: Pus, Swelling, Redness, Pain
Its type of cells consist of: Natural killer cells, Macrophages,Neutrophils, Dendritic cells, Mast cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils
The types of cells consist of: T and B lymphocytes
Physical and chemical barriers to prevent all foreign agents from entering the body
Body uses enormous amounts of cells and chemicals to prevent further entry of foreign against
T cells are created in the Thymus and B cells are created in bone marrow
Humoral Response
Aka Antibody mediated immunity
Primary Humoral Response
This is the first exposure to specific antigen,B cells try to bind to the antigen
The cloning of B cells also is in the primary humoral response
Most B cells become plasma which produce antibodies
The function of the antibody is to travel through blood,lymph, and mucus to destroy pathogens
Secondary Humoral Response
Reintoduction of antigen
This response is much faster, stronger, and more efiicent and longer lasting
Its function is to destroy the already known pathogens from the primary response this is done by memory cells
Active immunity
Own body creates B cells to have memory cells and antibodies
Two Types:
Naturally acquired active-making of antibodies during illnesses or infections in daily life
Artifically acquired active-making of antibodies given through injection like vaccines
Passive Immunity
Antibodies are obtained from someone else but no memory occurs
Two Types:
Naturally acquired passive-normal passing of antibodies from mother to child
Artifically acquired passive-relieved antibodies from serum or injection
Cellular Response
Cytoxic cells defend against infection that have already went through
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus are called T cells
Types of T cells:
Helper T cell- Alerts other T/B cells to come and help attack the foreign agent
Killer (cytoxic) T cell- These cells produce a chemical called perforin which is to kill pathogens
Suppressor T cell- After the pathogen has been eliminated this cell creates a chemical called suppressor factor to stop the immune response before it overworks
Memory T cells- These cells are clones of cells when a pathogen has entered before and remember it then are quicker to kill it providing long term immunity
Antigen
Antibody
Antibody generator- any substance that can activate the immune system by creating an immune response
Ex: foreign proteins, large carbohydrates, microorganism
Self Antigen
Human cell have many surface proteins
Our immune cells don't attack our own proteins
Restrict donors for transplants or not will cause organ rejection(body doesn't accept it)
Known as immunoglobulin or Ig
Solube protein secreted by plasma cells deprived from B cells which is carried in body fluids
Capable of binding, specifically to antigens
Structure
Made of 4 amino acid chains linked by a disulfide bond
Two light chains (short)
Two heavy chains (longer)
Each chain is made by two identical amino acid that are linked together
Antibody classes
Five major immunoglobulin classes
IgM-primary response, Surface of B cell, antigen receptor on B cell membrane first class of antibodies released by B cells during primary response
IgA-found mainly in mucus,Saliva tears, midland other body secretions, protects mucosal surfaces
IgD-important in activation of B cells, Surface of B cell, cell surface receptor of mature B cell important in B cell activation
IgG-can cross placental barrier,most abundant in primary and secondary response, crosses placenta and provides passive immunization to fetus, free in blood plasma
IgE-involed in allergies, secreted by plasma cells, when bounded to antigens, binds to mast cells and basophils to trigger release of histamine that contributes to inflammation and some allergic response
Antibody function
Complement fixation-occurs when complement proteins attach to antigens or foreign substance and activates immunity
Opsonization-same as labels that alerts immune cells for phagocytosis
Neutralization-some work as antitoxins, blocking effects of poison produced by certain bacteria
Agglutination-some clump to create clots in blood used for blood typing
Precipitation-antigen-antibody complex becomes so large it is insoluble and less likely to spread
Disorders of Immune system
Aids, Hiv,- which is an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells and weakens immune system
Temporary acquired immune deficiencies- immune system can be weakened by certain medicines
Allergies, Asthma, and autoimmune diseases