Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Gonzalez, Dilean Lymphimmune - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Activation/differentiation
        
        antigen binds to surface receptors(cross link), triggers clone selection --> proliferation/differenciation
      - types
        
        plasma
        
        effector cell; secrete antibodies that curculate in blood/lymph marking free antigens 4 destruction
        
        memory
        
        provide immunological memory + aids in immediate response next time it encounters the same antigen
    - - Naturally acquired: respose to actual bacteria/virus
      - Artificially acquired: response 2 vaccine of pathogen
    - - Naturally acquired : placenta--> fetus & mom milk --> infant
      - Artificially acquired : injection of serum
  - - - activation
        
        1) antigen binding: T cell receptors bind to antigen MHC complex on APC surface (must recognize antigen &MHC) triggering t cell activation
        
        2) Co stimulation: full activation finished when t cell binds to 1+ costimulatory signal on APC surface
      - proliferation/differenciation
        
        Activated T cells proliferate in response 2 cytokines
        
        Differentiation depends on class; response peaks within week (apoptosis b/w 7-30 days) b/c they produce lots of inflammatory cytokines that could be dangerous
      - types
        
        Helper (CD4)
        
        Activate b cells (hummoral) by interacting with the ones displaying antigens & stimulating division/antibody production
        
        activate cytotoxic T cells by causing dendritic cells to express costimulatory molecules
        
        amplify immune defenses by secreting cytokines that mobilize WBC's and activating macrophages
        
        cytotoxic(CD8)
        
        circulate body looking for cells displaying antigens
        
        Kill cells (virus, bacteria, parasite, cancer, foreign)
        
        release preforins/granzimes or bind to membrane receptor on target cell 2 stimulate apoptosis
        
        Regulatory(CD4)
        
        prevent autoimmune reaction
        
        Memory (CD4)
- - - - can be complete or hapten
      - have have antigenic determinants (antibody binds here)
      - can be a self antigen
        
        proteins on surfaces of cell that aren't antigenic to self but can be antigenic to others in transfusions
        
        presented on MHC proteins (coded by genes so unique) that can also hold foreign antigens and must be recognized by t cells
  - - - T/Y shape; 4 polypeptide chains: 2 heavy (w/hinge middle) + 2 light chains; variable region = antigen binding site ; constant region = stem
      - 5 classes: Ig G/M/A/D/E
      - inactivate/tag antigens (antigen-antibody complexes)
      - usually go after extracellular pathogen and don't invade solid tissue (if attached to virus b4 it enters cell, they CAN act intracellularly)
- - - - 1: origin: B/T cells originate in red bome marrow
      - 2: maturation: taken to primary lymphoid organs to mature
        (B cell in bone marrow t cell in thymus)
        gain immunocompetence (1 antigen receptor)
        gain self tolerance ( unresponsive to won antigen)
      - 3: Naive immunocompetent lymphocytes transported to second lymph. organs ( lymph nodes/spleen/ect) to encounter antigen
      - 4: lymphocyte meets antigen, binds to its antigen, and developes into active cell
      - 5: once activated it proliferates and forms a bunch of clones of itself that can become effector or memory cells
  - - - Dendritic cells : in CT/epidermis; eat pathogens that enter tissue and present to t cells in lymph nodes; link b/w innate and adaptive sys b/c when they present to T cells they activate adaptive sys
      - macrophages : in CT/lymphoid organs; present antigens to T cells which activates T cells and turns macrophages into phagophytic killers; trigger inflammation (cytokins)
      - b cells : don't activate naive T cells but instead present antigens to helper t cells for their own activation
- - - - histamine causes vasodialation/leaky vessels --> runny nose/hives/watery eyes
      - astha is possible if allergen inhaled
    - - Systematic: anaphylactic shock; seen with injected allergen causes breathing difficulties and may cause circulatory collapse
- - - - 1st line of defense
        
        surface barriers
        
        Skin & mucosae membranes
        
        Physical barrier stops microorganism/resistant to weak chems/toxins
        
        make chems. such as acids(stop growth), enzymes(kill), mucin(trap) that stop microorganisms
        
        When breached, trigger 2nd line of defense
      - 2nd line of defense
        
        Cells and Chemicals
        
        Phagocytes - WBC's eat foreign subs.
        
        neutrophil: most abundant; die fighting; eat when exposed
        
        macrophage; grow from monocytes; chief cell
        
        NK cells - lymphocytes that police blood and lymph; kill
        
        kill cancer/virus cells b4 adaptive sys activated
        
        attack cells w/o self cellular receptor
        
        kill by inducing apoptosis (cell. self destruct)
        
        Inflammatory response : triggered when tissue injured
        
        prevents spread of bad agents, clears debris/pathogens, alerts adaptive sys., prepares repair
        
        signs : redness, :fire:, swelling, pain
        
        Stages: 3
        
        1: inflammatory chem, release : chems released by tissue/immune cell (ex mast cell - histamine) cause vasodilation, leaky capillaries, attract phagocytes
        
        2: vasodilation :arrow_up: vascular permeability
        
        3: phagocyte mobilization: 1st neutrophils, 2nd macrophages + complement activated (if due 2 pathogen) and adaptive elements arrive
  - - - Characteristics
        
        specific : targets specific antigens
        
        systemic : not resitricted to initial site
        
        memory : can remember past antigens + attacks them harder
      - Branches: 2
        
        Hummoral : antibodies bind to + mark cells for destruction
        
        cellular: action against target cell. directly by killing & indirectly by releasing chems that enhance inflammation/ activates lymphocytes/macrophages
      - cells involved (overview)
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        b cells : hummoral immunity
        
        t cells : cellular immunity
        
        antigen presenting cells (don't attack but help in immunity)
        
        "eat" antigens & show their fragments to T cells
        
        3 types : dendritic, macrophages, b cells