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Lymph/Immune System, Cassidy Zuniga, Period 6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Innate/Passive
        
        you are born with or inherit this immunity
        
        protect against variety of pathogen, no discrimination
        
        responds immediately to protect against all foreign substances
        
        short lasting, does not retain memory
      - Adaptive/Acquired
        
        pathogen has entered and has contact with body
        
        recognizes and acts against particular or specific foreign substance
        
        is a systemic effect that is not restricted to the initial site of infection but all over the body
        
        has memory that recognizes and mounts a stronger and faster attack on previously encountered pathoghen
- - - - the skin (first line of defense)
      - antibacterial substances that can kill germs right from the start that are found in saliva, the airways, and tear fluid
      - mucus in the bronchi that help trap many of the germs we breath in so they can be moved out of the airways by hair-like structures called cilia
      - stomach acid stops most of the germs that enter the body in the food we eat
    - - Bone Marrow: found inside the bones where most immune system cells are produced and multiply which move to other organs through blood
      - Thymus: located behind the breastbone above the heart that mature T-cells who coordinate the process of the immune systems and monitor surfaces of all cells for changes
    - - Lymph Nodes: small bean-shaped along the lymphatic vessels which act as filters to trap germs and activate the creation of special antibodies in the blood
      - Spleen: located in the left upper abdomen that stores various immune system cells, breaks down red blood cells, and breaks down platelets
      - Tonsils: located at the throat/palate which stop germs from entering the body through the mouth or nose
  - - - Mechanical Barrier
        
        skin which is a physical wall that keeps foreign substances out
        
        hair in the nasal cavity traps inhaled particles
        
        cilia in the respiratory tract sweeps dust and bacteria-laden mucus towards mouth to be expelled
      - Chemical Barrier
        
        acid pH of skin inhibit bacterial growth
        
        sebum oils in hair is toxic to bacteria
        
        earwax traps foreign particles
        
        vaginal secretions are very acidic to kill bacteria
        
        stomach mucous that secretes hydrochloride acid and has protein digesting enzymes
        
        saliva and tears contain lysozymes (enzymes that kill bacteria)
        
        sticky mucus from mucosa of respiratory and digestive tract produce traps mucroorganism
    - - defense cells
        
        phagocytes which are a type of white cells such as neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy foreign materials
        
        natural killer (NK) cells found in both lymph and blood that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells
  - - - Humoral Immunity that carry B-cells that produce antibodies(chemicals to carry out the defense)
      - Cell-Mediated Immunity that have T cells that carry out the immunity
- - - - human cells have many surface proteins
      - our immune cells do not attack our own proteins
      - our cells in another persons body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign
      - restricts donors for transplants (organ rejection)
  - - - made of 4 amino acid chains linked by a disulfide bond
    - - lgM
        
        Primary Immune Response
        
        antigen receptor on B cell membrane; 1st class of antibodies released by B cells during primary response
      - lg A
        
        Found mainly in mucus and other body fluids
        
        protects mucosal surfaces; prevents attachment of pathogen to epithelial cells
      - lg D
        
        important in activation of B cells
        
        cell surface receptor of mature B cell; important in B cell activation
      - lg G
        
        can cross placental barrier
        
        most abundant antibody in primary and secondary immune responses; crosses placenta and provides passive immunization to fetus
      - lg E
        
        involved in allergies
        
        when bound to antigens, binds to mast cells and basophils to trigger release of histamine that contributes to inflammation and some allergic responses
- - - - first exposure to specific antigen where B cells with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen
      - binding event activates the lymphocyte to under go clonal selection
      - most B cells become plasma cells and some become long-lived memory cells for the secondary h.r.
    - - reintroduction of the antigen at a future time that is much faster, stronger, more efficient, and longer lasting than primary
      - destroys pathogen before any symptoms of infections shows
      - memory cells become activated and divide rapidly producing antibodies as soon as antigen is reintroduced into the body
    - - naturally acquired active: making antibodies during an illness or infection in normal circumstances
      - artificially acquired active: making of antibodies by an injection such as vaccines
    - - naturally acquired passive: normal passing of antibodies from mother to fetus
      - artificially acquired passive: receive injection of immune serum or antibodies
  - - - unlike B cells T cells cannot bind to free antigens
      - antigens must be presented by macrophages to an incompetent T cell
      - Major Histocompability Complex (MHC) proteins are pieces of cellular material on the cell surfaces
      - cells, macrophages, or even plasma cells can digest pathogens and carry portions of the antigen on the MHC proteins
      - any cells carrying the MHC with the portion of the antigen is called the antigen presenting cell
      - T cells recognize and binds to the infected or cancerous cells by the MHC proteins
      - after binding, clones are formed of the different types of T cells
    - - ex/ helper t cell, killer t cell, supressor t cell, and memory t cell
- - - - example of an immune deficiency that is present at birth
      - Children are in constant danger of infections from bacteria, viruses, and fungi
      - Children with SCID are missing important white blood cells.
    - - an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells and weakens the immune system
      - People with HIV/AIDS become seriously ill with infections that most people can fight off
      - called “opportunistic infections” because they take advantage of weak immune systems
  - - - response in your lungs can cause coughing, wheezing, and trouble breathing.
      - can be triggered by common allergens like dust or pollen or by an irritant like tobacco smoke
    - - allergen causes an itchy rash known as atopic dermatitis
    - - Sneezing, a runny nose, sniffling, and swelling of your nasal passages from indoor allergens like dust and pets or outdoor allergens like pollens or molds
  - - - mmune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin
    - - type of arthritis causes swelling and deformities of the joints
      - auto-antibody called rheumatoid factor is in the blood of some people with rheumatoid arthritis
    - - disease that attacks body tissues, including the lungs, kidneys, and skin