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1 Introduction to Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Coggle Diagram

- - - - e.g., blood test - except WS and DS
    - - Subjective, influenced by culture, where do we draw the line between abnormal/normal (continuum, no clear cut thing)
    - - To allow for systematic diagnoses to take place. E.g., ICD for every medical disease.
      - DSM for psychiatric disorders - DSM's history: 1880 it had 7 categories, DSM-1 came in 1952, then 1968 more mental disorders due to WW2,then 1980s clear criteria for diagnosis & included autism for the first time, then 1987 it was revised, then 1994 there was DSM-4 with lots of categories, then 2013 is the latest with shuffled categories.
    - - Early establishment of 'autism'
        
        'autism' was used in sz literature
        
        Kanner (1943) used 'autism' to describe 11 kids & he described main characteristics of autism
        
        Rutter (1978) did a lot of research on autism & outlined a case study of autism that matched Kanner's descriptions and the research findings in the field. So now there was research findings + clear description of autism = this was included in DSM-3 in 1980.
      - DSM-4
        
        There was a "pervasive developmental disorders" section and autism was under this section. So there was Autistic disorder, Aspergers syndrome, Rett's syndrome, Childhood disintegrative disorder, and PDD-NOS.
      - DSM-5
        
        All categories removed, now an umbrella category known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Bc clinicians were inconsistent, criteria wasn't clear, not enough genetic evidence for a separation of categories.
        
        In DSM-4, Autism was described by a triad of impairments (socialisation, communication, restricted interests/repetitive behaviour), but in DSM-5 its now described by dyad of impairments (socio-communicative impairments, and restricted interest/repetitive behaviour-sensory abnormality impairments).