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Life in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy - Coggle Diagram
Life in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
Policies Towards Women
Nazi Germany
Nazi Party believed purpose of women was to look after the family and secure the future of the "Aryan" race
Women's lives supposed to revolve around 3 K's
Kinder - Children
Nazis wanted high birth rates, increase Aryan population
Law for the Encouragement of Marriage
"Mother's Cross" award for women who had large amounts of children
Women could volunteer to have baby for a member of the SS
Kuche - Kitchen
Kirche - Church
Employment
Law for the Reduction of Unemployment
No conscription of women to aid the war effort until 1943
Fascist Italy
Women were intended to have children to secure the future of a strong Italian population
Battle for Births - initiated 1926
Women encouraged to have children
Large families received tax benefits
Target of five children per family, "the more the merrier"
OVERALL: Failure, birth rate went down between 1927 and 1934
AIM: To raise Italian population to 60 million by 1950 - with population of 37 million in 1920
Policies Towards Children and Education
Nazi Germany
Children deemed to be very important to future of Nazi Party
Indoctrination of the youth through activities and education
The Hitler Youth
Boys group, centered around physical exercise and political indoctrination
Aimed to prepare German boys to be future soldiers
The League of German Maidens
Girls group, centered around some physical activity but mostly on developing domestic skills
Aimed to prepare German girls for motherhood
Education
Entire education system altered to reflect Nazi ideology
Teachers forced to join Nazi Teachers' Association
Each class altered to reflect priorities and ideology
Aimed to fully and completely indoctrinate children into the Nazi Party
Fascist Italy
Mussolini deemed children to be highly important to future of Italy
Boys expected to grow up to be soldiers
Three after-school groups for further indoctrination
a) Sons of the She Wolf (ages 4 to 8)
b) Balilla (ages 8 to 14)
c) Avanguardista (ages 14 to 18)
All with connections to ancient Roman Empire
In South of Italy/more rural areas, organizations were not as successful8
Taught that fighting was a natural part of male lifestyle
Girls expected to grow up to be mothers
Education heavily focused on indoctrination and propaganda
Students drilled in fascist values from young age
Economic Policies
Nazi Germany
Abolishment of trade unions
Replaced by The Labour Front - set wages and followed wishes of employers over employees
Aimed to increase employment through variety of ways
a) Numerous massive publics works programs
b) Rearmament, which helped supply millions of jobs between 1933 and 1938
Different groups were affected in very different ways by the Nazi economy
Monopolies and big business thrived - many had links to Nazi Party
20% of small businesses closed due to tightening restrictions
Farmers thrived economically, with agricultural prices and wages rising immensely
Across the board, living standards did not drastically improve under the Nazis
Fascist Italy
Propaganda heavily used in several "battles" to achieve autarchy
The plans were largely unsuccessful
"Corporate State" implemented in 1930s
Made up of representative bodies of workers and employers
Regime heavily favored employers over workers
Unions did little to preserve/protect the rights of workers
Big businesses were successful post depression of 1930s, due to the state's intervention
Large decline in living standards for the average workers
Economic policies particularly damaging to peasant masses
Cultural Policies
Nazi Germany
POLICE
Reorganization of local governments
Establishment of people's courts
POLICE
SS - oversaw all other organisations
Gestapo
Secret police force
SD
Gathered intelligence for SS
RELIGION
Millions of population were Protestant or Catholic - Hitler viewed this as a threat/potential source of opposition
State Reich Church established - "German" Christians
Concordat signed with Catholic Church - 1933
General suppression of Catholics/Christianity
Attempts to ban Old Testament - viewed as a Jewish text
Priests sent to concentration camps
Catholic newspapers banned
Judaism
Laws, policies, social regulations
Countless restrictions to dehumanize and separate Jews from rest of population
Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht
PROPAGANDA
Head of Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda - Joseph Goebbels
Censorship of the press, control of radio
Radios made cheap so majority of population could afford
Cultural events
Mass rallies
Sports events
Film and documentaries - Triumph of the Will
Censorship of the arts - visual, literature, music - promotion of German works that promoted Nazi ideologies
Fascist Italy
POLICE
The Blackshirts - Fasci di Combattimenti
Mostly ex-soldiers, forceful enforcement of Mussolini's control
Secret police - OVRA
Arrested around 4,000 anti-fascists
Had enhanced powers that held them less accountable for their actions
Goal was to root out all opposition to Mussolini
Working class and opposition groups faced the most police oppression
State was in constant competition with the Catholic Church
PROPAGANDA
Most leisure activities affected in some way by propaganda
Censorship of news and criticism not entirely effective